автор/ы : Brochert Adam
год : 2004
страниц : 296
издательство : Hanley & Belfus; 2nd edition
ISBN: 156053608X
печатное издание
|
|
наименование:Secrets Series: Usmle Step 2 автор/ы : Brochert Adam год : 2004 страниц : 296 издательство : Hanley & Belfus; 2nd edition ISBN: 156053608X печатное издание |
| Written
by Dr. Brochert, who scored in the 99th percentile in Steps 1 and 2 of
the U.S. Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE), this new addition to The
Secrets Series(r) provides essential questions and answers covering
topics that have appeared on recent Step II * Coverage of all specialty
and subspecialty topics covered on Step 2 * All the most important
"need-to-know" questions-and-answers in the proven format of the highly
acclaimed Secrets Series(r) * Concise answers that include the author's
pearls, tips, memory aids, and "secrets" * Bulleted lists, algorithms,
and illustrations for quick review * Thorough, highly detailed index *
Thought-provoking questions that provide succinct answers *
Presentation of a vast amount of information, but not overly simplistic. |
|
содержание |
указатель |
||
| 1. Acid-Base and
Electrolytes 1 2. Alcohol 7 3. Biostatistics 10 4. Cardiology 16 5. Cholesterol 26 6. Dermatology 28 7. Diabetes Mellitus 36 8. Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery 40 9. Emergency Medicine 45 10. Endocrinology 47 11. Ethics 55 12. Gastroenterology 58 13. General Surgery 73 14. Genetics 82 15. Geriatrics 85 16. Gynecology 87 17. Hematology 98 18. Hypertension 108 19. Immunology 112 20. Infectious Diseases 117 21. Laboratory Medicine 130 22. Nephrology 132 23. Neurology 137 24. Neurosurgery 148 25. Obstetrics 152 26. Oncology 170 27. Ophthalmology 187 28. Orthopedic Surgery 193 29. Pediatrics 199 30. Pharmacology 205 31. Preventive Medicine 210 32. Psychiatry 213 33. Pulmonology 224 34. Radiology 229 35. Rheumatology 231 36. Shock 236 37. Smoking 239 38. Urology 240 39. Vascular Surgery 245 40. Vitamins and Minerals 248 Top Secrets 251 |
A ABCDEs, of trauma, 78 Abdomen acute, 73 blunt traumatic injuries to, 79 penetrating traumatic injuries to, 79 Abdominal pain, 73, 75, 87 Abducens nerve lesions, 191 ABO blood group incompatibility, 165 Abortion definition of, 160 spontaneous/unintentional, 160, 161 Abruptio placentae, 163 Abscess of breast, 93, 94 pancreatic, 76 tuboovarian, 87 Acanthocytes, 99 Accidents alcohol use-related, 7 as mortality cause, in adolescents, 221 Acetaminophen action mechanism of, 207 as hepatitis cause, 66 Acetaminophen overdose, 208 antidote for, 206 Achalasia, 17, 68 Achlorhydria, 59 Acid-base balance, 1-6 Acid burns, ocular, 189 Acidosis acute tubular, as hyocalcemia cause. 5 causes of, l as hyperkalemia cause, 3, 130 metabolic, 1 respiratory, l Acid phosphatase, as cancer marker. 186 Acne, 28, 30-31 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 29, 172 Acute abdomen, 73 Acyclovir, 88, 123 Addison's disease, 49 Adenocarcinoma, esophageal, 58, 69, 183 Adenoidectomy, 43 Adenoma hepatic, 184 Adenoma (czmt.) benign, oral contraceptives-related, 97 parathyroid, 50 pituitary. 48, 49 pleomorphic, 43 Adenomyosis, 88, 89 Adenosine deaminase deficiency, 114 Adhesions, intestinal, 76 Adjustment disorder, with depressed mood, 216 Admission rate bias, 15 Adolescents leading mortality causes in, 221 sexually active female, 202 Adrenal insufficiency, 2, 4 Adrenal tumors, 184 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, m Cushing's syndrome, 4849 Adrenogenital syndrome, 95 Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 225 Advance directives, 56 Advocacy, for patients, 262 African-American patients blindness in, 189 malignant melanoma in, 35 Agammaglobulinemia, Bruton's, 114 Aging. See also Elderly patients; Geriatrics as hearing loss cause. 40. 235 Airway management, 79 in status epilepticus, 143 in trauma care, 78 Airway obstruction, 79, 258 Akathisia, 214, 257 Alanine aminotransferase as acute liver disease marker, 64 as alcoholic hepatitis marker, 8, 65 Albinism, 173 Albumin levels, in hypocalcemm, 5 Alcohol abuse, 74 as acute liver disease cause, 64 carcinogenicity of. 7, 174, 183, 185. 251 as chronic liver disease cause, 66 as cirrhosis cause, 183 as hepatitis cause, 65 as hypertension cause, 110 as hypomagnesemia cause, 6 as mortality and morbidity cause, 251 as parotid gland hypertrophy cause, 43 Alcohol abuse (cont.) as pneumonia risk factor, 225 as suicide risk factor, 215 as vitamin/mineral/electrolyte deficiencies cause, 249, 251 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 8 Alcohol use, cardioprotective effects of, 27 Alcohol withdrawal, 7 Alkaline burns, ocular. 189 Alkaline phosphatase, as Paget's disease marker, 235 Alkalosis as hypocalcemia cause, 130, 261 as hypocalcemia-like symptom cause. 5 as hypokaiemia cause, 3, 130, 261 metabolic, 1 respiratory, 1 Allergen testing, 112, 113 Allergic reactions. 28 to blood transfusions, 105 Allergic rhinitis, 4 l Alopecia areata, 3 l Alphal-antagonists, as orthostatic hypotension cause, 206 Alphal-antitrypsin deficiency, 67, 239 Alpha-fetoprotein in pregnant patients, 152, 154-155, 257 as tumor marker, 210 for hepatocellular cancer, 183 for liver cancer, 186 for yolk-sac tumors, 186, 240 Alpha-methyldopa, 109 Amblyopia, 191 Amenorrhea pregnancy-related, 152 primary, 92 differentiated from secondary, 91 secondary, 91-92 American Cancer Society, cancer screening guidelines of, 210 Aminoaciduna, renal stones-related, 136 Aminoglycosides. adverse effects of, 132, 147 Amniocentesis, 155 Amniohc fluid, 159 Amniotomy, 160 Amotivationai syndrome, 221 Amphetamine intoxication. 222 Amfinone, as shock treatment, 238 Amylase, elevated levels of, 130 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 145-146 Anal atresia, 70 Anaphylaxis. 112, 256 Anatomic snuffbox, in scaphoid bone fractures, 195 Androgen insensitivity syndrome, 92 Androgen-secreting tumors, 3 l Anemia, 98-105 acute blood loss-related. 103 aplastic, 104 autoimmune hemolytic, 103 of chronic disease, 104 chronic renal failure-related, 134 definition of. 98 diagnosis of, 98 100 Fanconi's, 174 hypophosphatemia-relat ed, 6 iron-deficiency, 10l101 leiomyoma-related. 89 macrocytic, 100 alcoholism-related, 8 microcytic, 100 myelophthisic, 104 normocytic. 100 pernicious, 59, 101,249, 251 during pregnancy, 152 screening for, in pediatric patients. 201 sideroblastic, 99, 103-104 signs and symptoms of, 98 Anencephaiy, 154-155 Anesthesia, in obstetric patients, 157-158 Aneurysms abdominal aortic, 245, 246, 260 as oculomotor nerve palsy cause, 191 ruptured berry, 149 Angina, 16 Prinzmetal's. 18 stable, 18 unstable, 17, 18, 208 Anginal equivalents, 260 Angioedema, 106, 112 Angiosarcoma. hepatic. 184 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as hypertension treatment, 108, 109 as myocardial infarction treatment, 17 Angiotensin receptor blockers, as hypertension treatment, 108, 109 Anhedonia, depression-related, 216 Animal bite wounds, 121, 127, 128 Ankylosing spondylitis, 232-233 Anopsia, 141, 191 Anorexia as amenorrhea cause, 91 depression-related, 216 hyponatremia-related. 2 intravenous fluid therapy in, 6 Anorexia nervosa, 221 Anterior cruciate ligament tears, 197, 198 Antibiotics, broad-spectrum, as vitamin K deficiency cause. 250 Antibiotic therapy, 117-118 Anticentromere antibody test, 234 "Anticipatory guidance," in primary prevention, 200 Anticoagulation therapy, for deep venous thrombosis. 20 Anticonvulsants as folate deficiency cause, 249 teratogenicity of, 144 Antidepressants, 216 Antidotes, for overdoses or toxic exposures, 206-207, 261 Antifungal agents. 29 Antihypertensive agents, adverse effects of, 206 Antimitochondrial antibodies, 68 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, 133 Antinuclear antibodies, 234 Antiparietal cell antibodies. 101 Antipsychotic drugs, adverse effects of, 92, 145, 214-215 Anti-Smith antibodies, 234 Antisocial personality disorder, 219, 220 Antitopoisomerase antibodies, 234 Anxiety disorder, 217 Aorta, traumatic laceration of, 17 Aortic coarctation, 25, 110 Aortic dissection, 17, 18, 208 Aortic regurgitation, 19 Aortic rupture, as mortality cause, 80 Aortic stenosis, 19 APGAR score. 204. 260 Aphasia, 138 Appendiceal tumors, 185 Appendicitis, 75 Appendicoliths, 75 Arnold-Chiari malformations. 151 Arrest disorders, 160 Arrhythmias hyperkalemia-related, 3 hypokalemia-related, 3 hypothermla-related. 45 tricyclic antidepressants-related, 216 Arterial blood gas values, l, 252 Arteriovenous fistulas, 247 Arteritis, Takayasu's, 235 Arthritis. 231 234 psoriatic, 232, 233 Reiter's syndrome-related, 233 septic, l 17, 196, 23 l, 232 Asbestos exposure, carcinogenicity of, 174 Ascites alcoholism-relaled, 8 chronic liver disease-related, 66 liver failure-related, 67 Aspartate aminotransferase as acute liver disease marker, 64 as alcoholic hepatitis marker, 8, 65, 251 as myocardial infarction marker, 16 Aspartate aminotransferse:alanine aminotrans- ferase ratio, in alcoholic hepatitis, 251 Aspergillosls. 120, 121 Aspirin action mechanism of, 207 administration in children. 123 administration prior to computed tomography, 209 adverse effects of, 208, 26 l bleeding time prolongation effect, 21 Reye's syndrome. 204 monitoring of, 21 as myocardial infarction prophylaxis, 208 as myocardial infarction treatment, 17 as stroke prophylaxis, 208 Aspirin overdose, as acid-base disturbance cause, l Asterixis, alcoholism-related, 8 Asthma, 224 blood gas values in. 2 Asthma attacks, aspirin-induced, 208 Asthma patients, emergency intubation in, 2 Astrocytoma benign pilocytic, 181,182 cerebellar, 181 Ataxia, 138 Friedreich's, 145 medulloblastoma-related, 140 pediatric brain tumor-related, 181 Ataxia-telangiectasia. 145 Atelectasis, 78, 225 Atherosclerosis, 27, 251 diabetes mellitus-related, 37, 251 as impotence cause, 241 Athlete's foot. 29 Atrial fibrillation, 23, 25,252 Atrial flutter, electrocardiographic abnormalities in, 23 Atrial septal delct.s, 25 Atrioventricular block, electrocardiographic abnor- malities in, 24 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 220 Attributable risk, 11 Autism. 220 Autoimmune disorders, inflammation associated with, 234 Autosomal dominant disorders. 82. 83 Autosomal recessive disorders, 82, 83 Avoidant personality disorder, 218 Axillary nerve, motor and sensory functions of, 194, 259 Azotemia. 134 B Babesiosis, 99 Babinski's sign, 137, 150, 264 Bacteriuria. asymptomatic, 135 during pregnancy, 158 Bacteroides infections, antibiotic therapy for, 118 Baldness, 31 "Bamboo" spine, 233 Barbiturates as alcohol withdrawal treatment, 7 overdose of, 222-223 withdrawal from. 222 Barium, contraindication in gastrointestinal perforations, 70 Barium enemas for colon cancer screening, 210 use in diverticulitis patients, 61 Barlow's sign, 197, 259 Barrett's esophagus, 58, 69, 252 malignant degeneration oK 183 Basal cell skin cancer, 34, 185 Basophilia. 106 Battle's sign, 40, 149 "Beak sign," 77 Becker muscular dystrophy. 147 Beck's triad, 264 Bedwetting, 221 Behchet's syndrome, 235 Bell's palsy, 40, 141 Benign paroxysmal vertigo. 41 Benign prostatic hypertrophy, 240, 241,260 Benzodiazepines as alcohol withdrawal treatment. 7 overdose of, 222-223 withdrawal from, 222 Benzoyl peroxide, 31 Beriberi, "dry," 146 Beta blockers adverse effects of, 206 antidote to, 207. 261 hypoglycemia-asking effect of, 39 as myocardial infarction treatment, 17 use in diabetic patients. 39 Bias, 15 Bicarbonate, 1,252 Bile acid-binding resins, 27 Bile duct obstruction, 67, 68 Biliary atresia, 72 Biliary tract obstruction, 6758 Binge-eating, 221 Biophysical profile, 154 Biostatistics, 10-15, 256-257 Bipolar disorder. 215 Birbeck granules, 185 Birth control. See also Oral contraceptives most effective forms of, 94 Birth rate, 211 "Bite cells," 98 Bite wounds, 121, 127, 128 Blackheads, 30 Bladder cancer, 183, 210 Bladder cancer (cont.) risk factors for, 174, 183. 239 screening for, 210 Bleeding time, 21 Blepharitis, 31 Blindness. See Vision loss Blisters, pemphigoid, 33 Blood circulation fetal and neonatal, 25 in trauma patients, 78-79 Blood dyscrasias, 106, 170 Blood glucose level. See also Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus, 36 Blood products, indications for use of, 105 Blood transfusion reactions, 105-106 Blood transfusions as anemia treatment. 105 hepatitis transmission via, 65 in Jehovah's Witnesses, 55 Blood urea nitrogen levels, during pregnancy, 131 Blood urea nitrogen-to-creatinine ratio, in dehydration, 131 Blood volume, in trauma patients, 789 "'Bloody show," 163, 164 Bloom's syndrome, 174 Blunt trauma, abdominal, 79 Body dysmorphic disorder, 2 l 8 Bone disease, hypercalcemia-related, 6 "'Bones, stones, groans, and psychiatric overtones." 5.50. 51 Bone tumors, metastatic, 196 Boorhave tears, 70 Borderline personality disorder, 219 Botulism, infant, 146 Bowel acute infarction of, 247 obstruction of, 76, 77 perforated, 76 Bowel contrast studies, of gastrointestinal perforations. 70 Bowen's disease, 35 Brachial cleft, cysts of, 42 Brain, aging-related atrophy of. 235 Brmn lesions, as tremor cause, 145 Brain metastases. 181 Brain tumors, 181-182 as headache cause, 139 localization of, 140 141 as secondary amenorrhea cause, 92 Breast cancer, 93, 94, 172, 176-177 genetic factors in, 174 incidence of, 254 invasive ductal. 176. 177 metastatic, 181, 196 mortality rate in, 254 Breast cancer (cont.) as nipple discharge cause, 93 peau d'orange sign of, 94 risk factors for, 174, 176 alcohol intake, 7 estrogen therapy, 96 oral contraceptives, 97, 176 screening for, 210, 256 tumor marker for, 186 Breast-feeding contralndications to, 157 as mastitis cause, 158 neonatal vitamin D supplementation during, 201 as oral contraceptives contraindication, 96 Breast mass, 93-94, 176, 177 Breast milk jaundice, 72 Breathing, in trauma patients, 78 Broca's aphasia, 138 Bronchiolitis. 126. 255 Bronchitis, 117 Bronchoalveolar carcinoma, 226 Brucellosis, 121 Brudzinski's sign, 149, 264 Buerger's disease. 239 "Buffalo hump," 48 Bulimia, 221 Bullae, 28, 33 Bullous pemphigoid, 33 "Bunch of grapes" tumor, 95, 182 Bums, 45 as compartment syndrome cause, 193 infections of, 12l C Caf6-au-lalt spots, 52, 173, 263 Caffeine, withdrawal from, 223 Calcification, intracranial, 182 Calcinosis, 69 Calcitonin, as hypercalcemia treatment, 6 Calcium, relationship with phosphorus, 5 Calcium channel blockers, as hypertension treatment, 108. 109 Calculi, renal. See Nephrolithiasis Caloric intake, age-related changes m, 85 Calvarium, skull fractures of, 149 Campylobacter, as diarrhea cause, 62 Cancer. See also specific types of cancer alcohol use-related, 7, 174, 183, 185, 251 environmental factors in, 174 genetic/familial factors in, 173, 174 as hypercalcemia cause, 5, 51 incidence rates, 172, 254 major risk factor for, 172 mortality rates, 172, 254 most common, 172 as optic neuritis cause, 191 Cancer (cont.) pediatric, 172 screening for, 210, 256 tumor markers for, 186 Candidiasis, 29 chronic mucocutaneous, 116 treatment for, 29 vaginal, 88 CA-19-9. 186 CA- 125, 186 Caput medusae, 7 Caput succedaneum, 203 Carbamazepine, side effects of, 215 Carbon dioxide. 1. 252 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, side effects of, 206 Carbon monoxide poisoning, antidote for, 207, 261 Carbon tetrachloride, as hepatitis cause, 66 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 178, 186, 210 Carcinoid tumors. 184-185 Cardiac arrest, hypothermic, 46 Cardiology, 16-25 Cardiomyopathy, types of, 22-23 Cardiovascular disease Kawasaki's disease-related. 124 smoking-related, 239 Carotid artery stenosis, 208, 260 Carotid stenosis, 245 Case series studies, 13 Cataracts, 188 congenital, 201 neonatal, 189 as vision loss cause. 188. 190. 259 Catheters, Foley, 242 Cat-scratch disease, 42 CA-27-29, 186 Caucasians, most common lethal genetic disease in. 227 CD1 positive cells, histiocytosis-associated, 185 Ceftriaxone, as neisserial meningitis prophylaxis, 207 Celiac sprue, 33, 62 Cellulitis. 117. 128 chickenpox-related, 123 orbital, 189 preorbital, 189 Central nervous systera tumors, 181 tumor marker for. 186 Central retinal artery, occlusion of, 190 Cephalhematoma. 203 Cephalopelvic disproportion. 160 Cerebellar findings, 145 Cerebellopontine angle tumors, 141 Cerebral artery, infarction of, 144 Cerebral perfusion pressure, 150 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis. 137 Ceruloplasmin, in Wilson's disease, 66-67 Cervical cancer. 180 in pregnant patients, 163 risk factors for, 174 screening for. 210. 256 Cervical motion tenderness, pelvic inflammatory disease-related, 87 Cesarean section, 157 Chadwick's sign, 152 Chagas' disease. 68 Chalazion, differentiated from hordeolum (stye), 189 Charcot joints, 38, 196, 234 Charcot's Iriad, 68, 74, 264 Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 115 Chemical burns, 45 ocular, 189 Chemistry 7 panel, for hypertension evaluation, 111 Chemotherapy as amenorrhea cause, 92 as anemia cause, 98 as baldness cause, 31 for metastatic cancer, 186 Chest, fatal traumatic injuries to, 79, 258 Chest pain, 16. See also Angina esophageal disease-related, 68 noncardiac causes of, 17 Chest x-rays of lung cancer. 175. 176 of pleural effusions, 228 of pneumonia, 226 of solitary pulmonary nodules, 224 Chickenpox, 28, 123 in pregnant patients, 157 Child abuse, 203-204, 260, 262 Childbirth, maternal mortality associated with, 159 Children brain tumors in, 181, 182 cancer in, 172 cerebellar findings in, 145 depression in, 221 developmental milestones for. 199 diarrhea in, 63, 71 emergency care for, 56 febrile seizures in, 143 frontal sinus development in, 43 gastrointestinal disorders in. 70-71 hearing loss in, 41,200 hip disorders in, 197, 259 Hirschsprung's disease in, 76 inflammatory bowel disease in, 71 irritable bowel syndrome in, 71 lead poisoning screening in, 103 meningitis in, 125-126 neck masses in, 42, 259 neuroblastoma in, 185 pneumonia in. 226 referred hip pain in, 197 Children (cont.) renovascular hypertension in, 110 sarcoma botyroides in, 95, 182 sexual abuse of, 30 strabismus in. 191, 192 tachycardia in, 25 urinary tract infections in, 134-135 wheezing in, 224 Wilms' tumor in, 185 Chi-squared tests. 14 Chlamydial infections antibiotic therapy for, 118 as coronary heart disease cause, 27 as neonatal conjunctivitis cause, 187 as pelvic inflammatory disease cause, 87 as pneumonia cause, 119, 225 screening for in adolescent females, 202 during pregnancy, 153 vaginal, 88 Chlorpromazine, 214 adverse effects of, 215 Choanal atresia, 70 Choking victims, 81 Cholangiocarcinoma, 68 Cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde, 67o, 229 Cholangiosarcoma. 184 Cholangitis, 67, 68, 74 primary sclerosing, 67, 68 Cholecystitis, 73-74 Choledocholithiasis, 67-68 Cholestasis. 67.68 of pregnancy, 168 Cholestel'ol, 26-27 hypothyroidism-related increase in. 130 management guidelines for, 26, 262 Cholesterol screening, 26 Cholestyrainine, 68 Chorioainnionitis, 166 Choriocarcinoma. 240 tumor marker for, 186 Chorionic villus sampling, 155 "Christinas tree" lesions, 31 Chromium, deficiency or toxicity of, 248 Chromosomal disorders. 82 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 224, 226, 239 Chvostek's sign, 4, 51,264 Cigarette smoke, secondhand, 239 Ciprofloxacln. as neisserial meningitis prophylaxis, 207 Cirrhosis alcoholism-related, 7, 8 hemochromatosis-related, 66 hepatitis-related. 65 Cirrhosis (cont.) primary biliary. 67. 68 risk factors for, 183 Claudication, 246, 260 Clear-cell carcinoma, risk factors for, 174, 180 Clel] lip/palate, 156 Clindamycin. topical, as acne treatment, 31 Clomiphene, 90, 91 CIostridtum botulinum infections, 120, 146 CIostridium difficile infections, 62. 64. 120 Clolrimazole, 29 Clozapine, 214 adverse effects of, 215 as schizophrenia treatment, 213 Coagulation cascade, clotting test measurelnent of, 107 Coagulation/clotting factors, interaction with vitamin K, 250 Coagulation/clotting tendency, 106 Coagulation/clotting tests, 21-22. 107 Coagulopathy, liver failure-related, 67 Coarctation of the aorta, 25, 110 Cobalamin. See Vilamin B_ Cocaine, teratogenicity ol; 155 Cocaine intoxicalion, 221 Cocaine withdrawal, 222 Coccidioides immitis, 120, 225 Coccidiomycosis, 32 Cold agglutinins, 119, 225 Colitis Clostridiu,1 d(fficile, 64 ulcerative, 32, 62, 64, 6t5 as colon cancer risk factor, 178 differentiated from Crohn's disease, 63, 253 Colon cancer. 76, 172, 177 178 genetic factors in, 174 incidence of, 254 metastatic, 172 mortality rates, 254 with perforation, 61 risk factors lbr. 7, 174, 177 178 screening for. 210. 256 tumor marker for, 186 Colonoscopy, 75, 178 Coma hypernatremia-related, 3 hyponatremia-related, 2 Comedones, 30 Common cold, 41 Compartment syndrome. 194 definition of, 193 as foot pain cause, 246 signs and symptoms of, 194, 259 Complement deficiencies, 116 Complete blood count, during pregnancy, 152 Computed tomography (CT), 229, 239 aspirin administration prior to, 209 for Huntington's disease evalualion, 145 Condoms, 94 Conduct disorder, 220 CI esterase inhibitors, 112 Confidence interval, 12-13 Confidentiality, breaches of, 55, 262 Confounding variables, 15 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 50 Congenital disorders in utero infection-related, 156 screening for, in pediatric patient.s, 199-200 teratogens associated with, 155 Congenital heart defects. 25 Congestive heart failure, 22, 252 Conjunctivitis, 187 gonorrheal, differentiated from chlamydiaL 187 herpes simplex, 190 neonatal. 187 188, 258 Reiter's syndrome-related, 233 Conn's syndrome, 53, 110 Constitutional delay, 202 Contact sports, as splenic rupture risk factor, 80, 124 Continuous data, 14 Contraction stress test, 154 Contrast agenls, nephrotoxxcity of, 37, 132 Contusions cerebral, 149 pulmonary, 80 Conversion disorder, 218 Coombs' tesl, 103, 113 Copper, deficiency or toxicity of. 248 Corneal blink reflex, 191 Corneal drying, 191 Coronary artery disease diabetes mellitus-related, 37 as mortality cause. 11 (I as oral contraceptives contraindication, 96 Coronary heart disease, risk factors for, 26-27, 262 Cor puhnonale, 1, 22, 252 Correlation coefficient, 12 Corticosteroids adverse effects of, 31, 49, 107, 254 withdrawal from, as pseudotumor cerebri cause, 140 Cosmetics, as acne aggravant, 31 Courvoisiel"S sign, 68, 178, 264 Coxsackievirus, as pericarditis cause, 17 C-peptide level, lnsulinoma-related increase in, 36 "'Crabs'" (pubic lice), 30. 88 "Cradle cap," 29 Cranial nerve(s) diabetic neuropathy-relaled palsies of, 38 lesions of; 142 muscles innervated by, 142 Cranial nerve 1. See Olfactory nerve Cranial nerve IlL See Oculomotor nerve Cranial nerve V. See Trigeminal nerve Cranial nerve Vl. See Abducens nerve Cranial nerve VII. See Facial nerve Cranial nerve VIII. See Vestibulocochlear nerve Cranial nerve XI. See Spinal accessory nerve Cranial nerve XII. See Hypoglossal nerve Craniopharyngioma, 182 Creatine kinase, elevated levels of, 130 Creatine kinase-MB fraction, as myocardial infarction marker, 16 Creatine phosphokinase, as neuroleptic malignant syndrome marker, 215 Creatinine levels, during pregnancy, 131 CREST syndrome, 69, 234 Cricothyroidotony, 79 Cri-du-chat syndrome, 84 Crigler-Najjar disease, 72 Crohn's disease, 62 as colon cancer risk factor, 178 differentiated from ulcerative colitis, 63, 253 Croup, 126, 226 Cryopmcipitate, 105 Cryptorchidlsm, 182, 242-243, 260 Cullen's sign. 69 Cushing's syndrome, 48-49 as hirsutism cause, 31 as hypertension cause, 110 lung cancer-mlated, 175 Cushing's triad, 150 Cyclosporine as hirsutism cause, 49 nephrotoxicity of, 132 differentiated from rejection, 244 Cyclothymia, 215 Cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous, of the ovary, 179 Cysticercosis, 120 Cystic fibrosis. 119. 226. 227, 263 Cystinuria, renal stones-relared, 136 Cystitis, during pregnancy, 158 Cystocele, 94 Cysts brachial cleft, 42 corpus luteum, 162 dermoid, 180 thyroglossal duct, 42, 259 unicameral bone, 186 Cytomegalovirus infections as pneumonia cause, 119, 226 as TORCH syndrome component, 40, 156, 189 D Dactylitis. 102 Dandruff, 29 Dandy-Walker malformation, 145 Dawn phenomenon. 39 Death rate, 211 Dehydration blood urea nitrogen (BUN)-to-creatinine ratio in, 131 diarrhea-related, 63 as hypernatremia cause, 3 Delirium differentiated from dementia, 139 empiric treatment for, 138-139 Delirium tremens (DTs), 7 Delivery in eclampsia patients, 159 fetal positions during, 164 hyponatremia during, 2 of multiple gestations, 169 shoulder dystocia or iinpaction during, 163 vaginal, after cesarean section, 157 Demeclocycline. as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion treatinent, 2, 54 Dementia differentiated from delirium, 139 in the elderly, 86 Korsakoff's, 7, 8, 139, 251 treatment for, 139 Dentists, children's first visits to, 202 Deodorants, as contact dermatitis cause, 28 Dependent personality disorder, 219 Depression antihypertensive agents-related, 206 in children, 221 as dementia cause, 139 grief-related, 217 hypocalcemia-related, 4 implication for end-of-life decision-making, 56, 261 as suicide risk factor, 215, 216, 257 Dermatitis atopic, 28 contact, 28 seborrheic, 29 Dermatitis herpetiformis, 33, 62 Dermatology, 28-35 Dermatomyositis, 234 Dermatophytes, 29 Desmosomes, 33 Developmental milestones, 199 Diabetes, bronze, 66 Diabetes insipidus, central or nephrogenic, 54 Diabetes mellitus, 36-39 as atherosclerosis cause, 25 l chronic pancreatitis-related, 69 control of, 36 as coronary heart disease risk factor, 27 definition of, 36 Diabetes mellitus (cont.) glucose levels in, 10 as impotence cause, 241 long-term complications of, 37-38, 251 maternal, 156 new-onset, 37 screening for, 36 type 1, differentiated from type 2, 36, 263 type 2, treatment for, 39 Diagnosis, disclosure ol; 56 Dialysis as hypermagnesemia treatment, 6 as impotence cause, 241 as renal failure treatment, 133 Diaphragm lung cancer-related paralysis of. 175 rupture of, 81 Diarrhea, 61-63, 120 altered intestinal transit-related, 61, 62 categorization of, 61 in children, 71 exudative, 61, 62 infectious, 61, 62 irritable bowel syndrome-related, 6263 malabsorptive, 62 osmotic, 61 secretory, 61, 62 Diazepain, teratogenicity of, 155 Diethylstilbestrol (DES) carcinogenicity of, 155, 180 as ectopic pregnancy risk factor, 161 teratogenicity of, 155 DiGeorge's syndrome, 5, 50-51, 114 Digitalis, interaction with potassium. 3 Digoxin, antidotes to, 261 Dinoprostone, 160 Diphosphonates, as hypercalcemia treatment, 6 Diphtheria, 126 Disability. in trauma patients, 79 Disseminated intravascular coagulation, 21, 67, 105, 106, 107 Dissociative fugue, 218 Diuretics adverse effects of, 206. 261 as congestive heart failure treatment, 252 thiazide, as hypertension treatment, 108, 109 Diverticulitis, 61, 73, 75, 76 Diverticulosis, 60 61 Diverticulum, Meckel's, 71, 76 Dobutamine, as shock treatment, 237 Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders, 56 Dopamine, as shock treatment, 238 Down syndrome, 82, 83, 152, 154, 173, 257 Doxycycline. 88 Drowning, alcohol as risk factor for, 7 Drug abuse, 221 Drug interactions, 207 Drug overdose, antidotes for, 20607, 257 Drugs. See also specific drugs adverse effects of, 205-206 anemia, 98 hearing loss, 41 hyperkalemia, 4 nephrotoxicity, 132 postoperative fever. 78 teratogenicity, 155 Drugs of abuse, withdrawal from, 257 Drusen, 190 Dubin-Johnson disease, 72 Dumping syndrome. 59 Duodenal ulcers, differentiated from gastric ulcers, 589 Dural venous sinus, thrombosis of. 151 Dyschezia, endometriosis-related, 87 Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), 90 Dysmenorrhea, endometriosis-related, 87 Dyspareunia, endometriosis-related, 87 Dysphagia, esophageal disease-related. 68 Dysplasia, fibromuscular, as hypertension cause, 110 Dysplastic nevi syndrome, 34 Dysthymia, 216 Dystocia, 160 Dystonia, 214 E Ear, nose, and throat surgery, 40-44 Eaton-Lambert syndrome, 146-147, 175 Echinocytes, 99 Eclampsia, 159 Edema cerebral, as seizure cause, 143 perinephric, 136 during pregnancy. 159 Edward's syndrome, 83 Elderly patients. See also Geriatrics blindness in, 189 nutritional needs of, 85 suicide risk in. 216 vision loss in, 190 Elderly population, 85, 86 Electrical burns, 193 Electrocardiography abnormalities on, 23-24 in hyperkalemia, 3, 4 for hypertension evaluation, 111 J wave on, 45 for myocardial infarction diagnosis, 16, 262 Electrolyte abnormalities, 1-6 in alcoholics, 9 electrocardiogram findings in, 3, 4, 252 Electromyography, 138 Elliptocytosis, hereditary, 99 Embolism, pulmonary, 20-21 amniotic fluid, 159 anticoagulant prophylaxis against, 106 intraoperative and postoperative, 78 as shock cause, 237 Emergency care, 45-46 for children, 56 ethics of, 56, 57 Emphysema, 224, 239 Encephalitis measles-related, 122 neonatal herpes, 125-126 Encephalopathy hepatic, liver failure-related, 67 Wernicke's, 7, 139, 251 Encopresis, 22 l Endarterectomy, carotid, Endocarditis, ll7, 124-125 acute, 124 antibiotic prophylaxis against. 19. 125 subacute, 124-125 Endocrine disorders, 47-54 as amenorrhea cause, 92 primary, 52, 253-254 secondary, 52.53. 253-254 End-of-life care, ethics of, 55, 56, 57 Endometrial cancer, 90, 18 l oral contraceptive prophylaxis against. 97. 180. 181,257 risk factors for, 95, 96, 174, 180 lgl screening for, 210, 256 Endometriosis, 87, 89 as estrogen replacement therapy contraindica- tion, 96 Endometritis, 128 Endoscopy, 229 for gastrointestinal hemorrhage evaluation, 60 for peptic ulcer disease evaluation. 59 Enterocele, 94 Enterocolitis. necrotizing, 71 Enuresis, 221 Eosinophilia, 106 Ependymoma, l 8 l Epidemics, 14 Epididymitis, 240 Epididymo-orchitis, 240 Epidural anesthesia, in obstetric patients, 157-158 Epiglottitis, 126. 255 Epinephrine, as shock treatment, 238 Epispadias, 244 Epstein-Barr virus infections, 124 carcinogenicity of, 124, 182 as cervical lymphadenitis cause. 42 as contact sports contraindication, 80 as oral hairy leukoplakia cause, 185 Errors, types I and II, 14, 15 Erysipelas, differentiated from impetigo, 127 128 Erythema chronicum migrans, 233 Erythelna infectiosum (fifth disease). 122 Erythema multiforme, 32 Erythema nodosum. 28, 32 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, pregnancy-related elevation in, 131 Erythromycin. as ache treatment. 31 Erythromycin eyedrops, as conjunctivitis cause. 187 Escherichia coli, as urinary tract infection cause, 117, 134 Esophageal cancer, 69, 183 risk factors for. 7. 174. 239. 252 Esophageal disorders. 68-69 as chest pain cause, 17 Esophageal strictures, 58 Esophagitis, 58 Esophagus adenocarcinoina of. 58 Barre.'s. 58. 69, 252 malignant degeneration of. 183 Boorhave tears in, 70 Mallory-Weiss tears or: 70 Estrogen replacement therapy. 93, 95-96 contraindications to, 96 risks and adverse effects of. 254 Estrogens, effect on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, 27 Ethics, 55-57 Euthanasia, active and passive, 55 Euthyroid sick syndrome. 48 Euvolemia, 2 Exanthum subitum (roseola infantum), 122 Exercise effect on high-density lipoproteln (HDL) levels, 27 excessive, as amenorrhea cause, 91 Exophthalmos, 47, 186 Experimental studies, 13 Exposure, of trauma patients, 79 Extrapyranidal effects, of antipsychotic drugs, 214 F Facial nerve acoustic neuroma involvement of, 182 lesions of. 141 muscles innervated by, 141 upper differentiated from lower lesions of, 141 Facial nerve paralysis, lower motor neuron, 40 Factitious disorders, 218 Factor V Leiden mutation, 106 Failure to thrive, 200 Fallopian tubes, radiologxc examination of, 91 Falls, as aortic rupture cause, 80 Fascial dehiscence, 78 Fasciitis, necrotizing, 128 Fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. 147 Fatty liver of pregnancy, 168 Femur, distal, metaphyseal fractures of, 203, 204 Fertility rate. 211 Fetal age, estimation of, 153 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 8 9, 251 Fetal bleeding, 164 Fetal heart monitoring, 162, 257 Fetal heart monitoring strips, 162 Fetal heart sounds, 153 Fetal malpresentation, 168 e-Fetoprotein. See Alpha-fetoprotein Fetus blood circulation in, 25 evaluation of, 153 154, 162, 257 Fever blood transfusion-related, 105 drug-induced, 46 postoperative, 78, 225 postpartum, 167 puerperal, 128 as seizure cause, 143 "'6 Ws" of, 258 Fibroadenoma, 93, 94 Fibrocystic breast disease, 93, 94 Fibroids, 89 Fibromyalgia. 235 Fibronectin, fetal, 169 Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum), 122 Fire-related deaths, alcohol use-related, 7 Fistulas, tracheosophegeal, 227 Flail chest, 79. 80. 258 "Flashbacks," 222 "Floaters," 190 "'Floppy" infants, 146 Fluid extravasation, postoperative, 219-220 Fluid therapy in anorexic patients, 6 as hypercaloemia treatment, 6 as hyponatremia cause, 2 as hypovolemia treatment. 6 in trauma patients. 6 Flumazenil, 222 Fluoride supplementation, in pediatric patients, 201 Fluorine, deficiency or toxicity of, 248 Fluoxetine, 217 Folate/folic acid deficiency, 9.98. 100. 101. 248. 249 Folate/folic acid supplementation, 101 as neural tube defect prophylaxis, 152, 249, 251 Follicle-stimulating hortnone, 92 Fontanelles, anterior, closure of, 203 Foot pain, severe, sudden onset of, 246 Fractures child abuse-related, 203, 204 nasal, 43 Fractures (cont.) open distinguished from closed, 193 pathologic, 197 stress, 194-195 Fragile-X syndrome, 83 Freckles, 28 Fresh frozen plasma, 105 Frostbite, 46 Frostnip, 46 Fugues, psychogenic, 218 Fungal infections. See also specific fungi dermatologic, 29 Furosemide, as hypermagnesemia reannent. 6 G Galactorrhea. 215 Galactosemia, 84 screening for, 199 Gallbladder, nuclear hepatobiliary scintigraphic scan of, 73-74 Gallstones, 67Jo8. 73 imaging of, 135 as pancreatitis cause, 76 pigmented, 98, 100 Gardnerella vaginalis infections, 88, 264 Gardner's syndrome, 173, 177 Gastric ulcers, 252. See also Peptic ulcers bleeding, 59, 60 differentiated from duodenal ulcers, 58-59 Gastritis, alcoholism-related, 8 Gastrocnemius muscle, anatomy of. 6 Gastroenteritis, viral, 71 Gastroenterology, 58-72 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 17, 58, 69 Gastrointestinal disorders, pediatric, 70-71 Gastrointestinal tract, perforation of, 70 Gastroparesis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy- related, 38 Gastroschisis. 71 Generalized anxiety disorder, 217 Genetics, 82-84 Geniculate arteries, anatomy of, 6, 7f Genitalia, ambiguous, 95 Geriatrics. 85-86 German measles (rubella), 122 Germ-cell tumors, 180, 240 Gestational trophoblastic disease, 159 Gestations. See also Pregnancy multiple, 168-169 Gilbert's disease, 72 Glasgow Coma Scale assessment, in trauma patients, 79 Glaucoma, 188, 189, 258, 259 closed-angle, 188. 258 open-angle, 188, 258 Gliomas, 181 Glomerulonephritis, poststreptococcal, 127, 133 Glomerulosclerosis, nodular diabetic, 37 Glossopharyngeal nerve lesions of, 142 muscles innervated by, 141-142 Glucagonomas, 179 Glucose, administration in alcoholics, 7, 9 Glucose intolerance, oral contraceptives-related, 97 Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, 98, 104 Glucose screening, during pregnancy, 152 Gluten intolerance/sensitivity, 33, 62 Glycogen storage diseases, 147 Gonorrhea, 88 screening for in adolescent females, 202 during pregnancy, 153 Goodpasture's syndrome, 112-113, 132 133 Gout, 230, 231,232 Gower's sign. 147 Gram stains, 118 Granulocyte transfusions, 105 Granulomatous disease, chronic. 115 Granulosa/theca-cell tumors, 180 Graves' disease, 47 Grey Tunaer's sign, 69, 264 Grief, abnormal differentiated from pathologic, 217 Griseofulvin, 29 Growth, 260 delayed. 200 Guillain-Barr6 syndrome, 137-138 Gynecology, 87-97 Gynecomastia, 8, 66. 83 H Haemophilus. See Hemophilus Hallucinations alcohol withdrawal-relamd. 7 delirium-related, 139 dementia-related, 139 grief-related, 217 lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-relamd, 222 psychogenic mushrooms-relined, 222 schizophrenia-related, 213 Haloperidol, 214 Halothane, as hepatitis cause, 66 Hamartoma, 225 Hand grip, inability to relax, 147 Handshake, inability to release, 147 Hay fever, 41 Headaches brain tumor-relamd, 139 cluster, 139 extracranial causes of, 140 meningitis-related, 140 migraine, 139 subarachnold hemorrhage-relamd, 140, 149 Headaches (cont.) tension, 139 "worst," 140, 149 Head circumference measurement, in pediatric patients. 200 Head trauma as dilated, unreactive pupil cause, 149 imaging studies of, 79 as lumbar puncture contraiodication, 259 as permanent neurologic deficits cause, 149 Hearing loss aging-related, 235 common causes of, 40-41 in pediatric patients, 41,200 sudden, 41 Hearing testing, 43-44 in pediatric patients, 200 Heart block, electrocardiographic abnormalities in, 23, 24 Heartburn. 58, 183. See also Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) pregnancy-related, 154 Heart rate, fetal, 162 Heart valve abnormalities, 8-19 Hegar's sign. 52 Height measurement, in pediatric patients, 199, 200 Heimlich maneuver, 81 Heinz bodies, 98, 104 Helicobacter pylori as peptic ulcer risk factor, 17, 59 as stomach cancer risk factor, 184 HELLP syndrome, 158 Hemangioma cavernous, 203 hepatic, 184 infantile, 203 Hematologic disorders, pediatric, 135 Hematology, 98-107 Hematoma epidural, 148 septal, 43 subdural, 148 Hematopoiesis, extramedullary, 102 Hematuria bladder cancer-related, 183 urinary tract cancer-related, 210 Hemianopsia bitemporal. 140. 14h 182, 91,254 homonymous, 141, 191 Hemiballismus, 145 Hemochromatosis, 66, 183. 234, 248 hereditary, 253 Hemoglobin At,.. as blood glucose level indicator, 36 Hemolysis as anenia cause, 100 Hemolysis (cont.) as false hyperkalemia cause, 4 as pathologic jaundice cause, 72 Hemolytic/hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, 165, 249 Hemolytic reactions, to blood transfusions. 105 Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 63, 135 Hemophilia, 21, 107, 233 Hemophilus infections. 118, 119 Hemophilus #¢fluenzae infections, 43, 117, 189 Hemorrhage gastrointestinal diverticulosis-related, 61 upper differentiated from lower, 59, 253 intracerebral, 148, 149 cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 137 intracrunial, 148 "platelet-type," 107 postpartum, 166 subarachnoid, 140, 148, 149, 263 Hemorrhagic/hemolytic disease of the newborn, 165,249 Hemorrhoids, alcoholism-related, 8 Hemothorax, massive, 79, 80, 258 Hemotympanum, 149 Henoch-Sch6nlein purpura, 71, 135 Heparin adverse effects of, 21 as deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis, 78 as deep venous thrombosis treatment, 20 effect on clotting test results, 107 indications for, 17 low-molecular-weigh as deep venous thrombosis treatment, 20 monitoring of, 21 as pulmonary embolism prophylaxis, 78 as stroke treatment 144 Hepatic enzymes, drug-related induction or inhibition of, 207 Hepatitis as acute liver disease cause, 64 alcoholic, 8, 65,251 as breast-feeding contraindication, 157 as chronic liver disease cause, 66 as cirrhosis risk factor, 183 drug-induced, 66 as hepatocellular cancer cause, 183 idiopathic autoimmune, 66 screening for, during pregnancy, 153 viral, 253 Hepatitis A, 65 Hepatitis B, 65, 66, 253 in pregnant patients, 72, 157 Hepatitis B immunization, in neonates, 72, 157 Hepatitis B surface antigen, 65 Hepatitis B vaccine, 211 Hepatitis C, 65, 66, 253 Hepatitis D, 65, 66, 253 Hepatitis E, 65 Hepatoblastoma, 184 Hepatocellular cancer, 183 Hepato-iminodiacetic acid scan, 73-74 Hepatorenal syndrome, liver failure-related, 67 Hernia diaphragmatic, 71,227 direct, 76 femoral, 76 groin, 768 hiatal, 58 incarcerated, 77 indirect, 76 paraesophageal. 58 strangulated, 71, 77, 78 Herniated discs, 195-196 Herniation, uncal, 149, 150 Herpes simplex virus infections, as keratitis cause, 190 Herpes virus infections as erythema multiforme cause, 32 as facial paralysis cause, 40 genital, 28 in pregnant patients, 157 as TORCH syndrome component, 40, 156, 189 vaginal, 88 Herpes zoster virus infections, 123 ophthalmic, 190 High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, 26, 27, 262 High-tht diet, as colon cancer risk factor, 174, [78 Hip. congenital dysplasia of, 197. 259 Hip disorders, pediatric, as referred pain cause, 197 Hip fractures, occult, 194 Hirschsprung's disease, 70, 76 Hirsutism, 31,49 Histiocytosis, 185 Histoplasmosis, 120, 225, 226 Histrionic personality disorder, 218 HLA-B27, 232-233 Hoarseness, lung cancer-related, 175 Homan's sign, 19. 237. 264 Homicide in adolescents, 221 alcohol use-related, 7 Homocysteine, as coronary heart disease risk factor, 27 Homosexual experimentation, 218 Homosexuality, 218 Hordeolum (stye). differentiated from chalazion, 189 Hormone replacement therapy, 93, 95-96 Honaer's syndrome, 174, 254 Howell-Jolly bodies, 99 Human chorionic gonadotropin, 152, 161, 186 Human herpesvirus type 6, 122 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing, I 13 maternal and neonatal. 156-157 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 113 as breast-feeding contraindication, 157 management of, 115 116 malernal-fetal transmission of, 156 157 Human menopausal gonadotropin, 91 Human papillomavirus infections, 30, 88 Humerus, unicameral cyst of, 186 Huntington's disease, 145 Hydatiform mole. 153 tumor marker for, 186 Hydmlazine, 109 Hydrocele, 182 differentiated from varicocele, 242 Hydrocephalus. 145. 151 pediatric brain tumor-related, 181 Hydronephrosis, 136 21-Hydroxylase deficiency. 50.95 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors as hepatitis cause, 66 as hypercholesterolemia treatment 27 as myocardial infarction treatment, 17 Hygroma, cystic, 42 Hymen, imperforate, 95 Hyperacusis, 40, 141 Hyperaldosteronism. 53 primary, 53 Hyperamlnonemia. liver failure-related. 67 Hyperbilimbinemia alcoholism-related, 8 liver failure-related, 67 neonatal, 72, 253 Hypercalcemia. 56. 51 electrocardiogram findings in, 5, 252 familial hypocalciuric, 51 lung cancer-related, 175 nephrolithiasis-related, 136, 242 Hypercholesterolemia familial, 26, 27 hypothyroidism-related, 130 Hyperemesis gravidarum. 168 Hyperenfia, conjunctival, 187 Hyperglycemia dawn phenomenon-related, 39 diabetes mellitus-related, 36 Hyper-imnmnoglobulin E syndrome, 115 Hyperkalemia, 3-4 chronic renal failure-related, 134 false-positive laboratory reports of. 130 Hypermagnesemia, 6 Hypernatremia. 3 Hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic state, 130 Hyperparathyroidism, 50 as hypercalcemia cause, 5 surgical treatment for, 6 Hyperproteinemia, as hypercalcemia cause, 5 Hyperreflexia. 138 Hypersensitivity reactions, 112 113 Hypertension, 108-111 causes of, 109, 110 classification of, 263 as coronary heart disease risk factor, 27 definition of, 108 diagnosis of, 108 essential, 109 as estrogen replacement therapy contraindica- tion, 96 as intracerebral hemorrhage cause, 149 intracranial, 149-150 brain tumor-related. 139 malignant, 109 ocular effects of, 188, 189 as oral contraceptives contraindication, 96 oral contraceptives-related, 96 portal, liver failure-related, 67 preeclampsia-related, 158, 159 during pregnancy, 162. See also Preeclampsia renovascular, 110 screening lHr, 108 secondary. 109 in younger patients, 110 as seizure cause, 144 severe, 25 I as stroke cause, 144 treatment for, 252 conservative, 108, 252 first-line drug therapy fol; 108-109 Hypertensive emergency, 109. 251 Hypertensive urgency, 109 Hyperthertnia, 46 Hyperthyroidism, 47 atrial fibrillation-related, 25 sinus tachycardia-related, 25 Hypertriglyceridemia, as coronary heart disease risk factor, 27 Hyperuricemia renal stones-related, 136 Hypervolemla, 2 Hypoadrenalism. 49. 50 Hypoalbuminemia, alcoholism-related, 8 Hypobilirubinemia, liver failure-related, 67 Hypocalcemia, 45 chronic renal failure-related, 134 eletrocardiogram findings in, 4, 252 hypomagnesemia-related, 130 Hypochondriasis, 218 Hypoglossal nerve lesions, 142 Hypoglycemia alcohol use-relared, 9 Hypoglycemia (cont.) beta blocker-related masking of, 39 in delirious or unconscious patients, 138 intensive diabetes control-related, 36 liver failure-related, 67 Somogyi effect reaction to, 38-39 Hypoglycemic agents, oral, 39 contraindication during pregnancy, 156 inefficacy in type l diabetes, 39 Hypokaleinia, 3 diabetes-related, 130 electrocardiogram findings in, 3, 252 hypomagnesemia-related, 130 Hypomagnesemia. 130 alcoholism-related, 6 as hypokalemia cause, 3 relationship with hypocalcemia, 5,261 relationship with hypokalemia, 261 Hyponatremia, 2 exogenous causes of, 252 false-positive laboratory reports of, 2, 130 postoperative, 2 rapid correction of, 130 Hypoparathyroidism. 5.50-51 Hypophosphatemia, 6 alcohol abuse-related, 249 diabetes-related, 130 Hypoproteinemia, 5, 51 Hypospadias, 244 Hypotension cardiac tamponade-related, 80 hypokalemia-related. 3 orthostatic alpha1 antagonists-related, 206 diabetic peripheral neuropathy-related, 38 pulsatile abdominal mass with, 245 Hypothermia. 45 as cardiac arrest cause, 46 Hypothyroidism, 47-48 as hypercholesterolemia cause, 130 screening for, in pediatric patients, 199 secondary, 53 Hypovolemia, 2 Hysterectomy, as fibroid treatment, 89 I Ileus hypokalemia-related, 3 meconium, 71,263 Illness, as suicide risk factor, 215 Imidazole antifungal agents, 29, 30 Immigrants, tuberculosis in, 225, 226 Immunizations, 202 Immunodeficiency. See also Acquired immuno- deficiency syndrome (AIDS): Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection Immunodeficxency (cont.) primary, 114 lmmunoglobulin A deficiency, 114 Immunoglobulin G, placental passage of, 164 Immunology, 112-116 lmmunosuppressant drugs, action mechanisms of, 243-244 Impetigo, 124 differentiated from erysipelas, 127 128 Impotence, 241,260 diabetic peripheral neuropathy-related, 38 in elderly people, 235 Incidence differentiated from prevalence. 13 effect of survival time on, 14 Incompetency, of patients, 56, 261 Infant mortality rate, 211 lnfant respiratory distress syndrome, 156, 164, 227 Infants. See also Premature infants; Neonates breast-fed, vitamin D supplementation in, 201 "'floppy," 146 strabismus in, 201 Infarction. arterial. 20 Infections of burned skin, 45 diabetes mellitus as risk factor for, 38, 251 in utero, 156 renal stones-related, 136 Infectious diseases, 117-129 Infectious mononucleosis, 124 as contact sports contraindication, 80 Inferiority complex, 218 Infertility endometriosis-relamd, 87 evaluation oI; 91 pelvic inflammatory disease-related. 87 polycystic ovary syndrome-related, 90 Inflammatory bowel disease in children, 71 as colon cancer risk lhctor, 178 as diarrhea cause. 62 extraintestinal manifestations of, 64 treatment for, 64 Influenza vaccine, 211 Inlbnned consent, 55 patient competency and. 56 Inhalant intoxication, 222 Insomnia, depression-related, 216 Insulin, exogenous, differentiated from insulinoma, 36 Insulinoma, 179 differentiated from factitious disorder, 36 Insulin sensitizers, 39 Insulin therapy, for diabetes mellitus, 38-39 in surgical patients, 39 Intelligence tests. 219 lntervertebral disc herniations, 195 196 Interviewer bias, 15 Intestinal atresia, 70 Intoxication, differentiated from withdrawal, 223 lntracranial pressure increase. 149-150. 259 Intrarenal failure, 132 Intrauterine devices (IUDs), 95 Intrauterine gestational sac, 161 Intrantenne growth retardation (IUGR), 153 Intravenuus contrast agents, nephrotoxicity of, 37, 132 Intravenous fluid therapy. See Fluid therapy Intubation for airway obstruction management, 79 in asthma patients. 2 in hypermagnesemic patients, 6 indications for, 224 in trauma patients, 78 Intussusception, 70, 76 Iodine, deficiency or toxicity of, 248 Iris lesions, of erythema multifurme, 32 Iron, toxicity of, 248 Iron deficiency, 248 as anemia cause, 100-101 differentiated from thalassemia, 101-102 Iron supplementation in infants and children, 100, 101,201 during pregnancy, 101. 152 Irritable bowel syndrome, 62-63, 253 in children, 71 Ischemia, chronic mesenteric, 24647, 260 Islet cell tumors, 179 lsoniazid, 129 as hepatitis cause, 66 use during pregnancy, 157 as vitamin B 6 deficiency cause, 249, 251 Isosthenuria, 131 Isotretinoin, 31 teratogenicity of, 31, 155,249, 251 J Janeway lesions, 125 Jaundice alcoholism-related, 8 biliary tract obstruction-related, 67 liver failure-related, 67 neonatal, 71-72, 253 physiologic, of the newborn, 72 Jehovah's Witnesses, blood transfusions in, 55 Job-Buckley syndrome, 116 "'Jock itch," 29 K Kallman's syndrome, 140, 202 Kaposi's sarcoma, 185 Kawasaki's disease, 123-124, 124, 235 Kayser-Fleischer rings, 67 Kehr's sign, 80 Keloids. 34 Keratitis herpetic, 190, 263 ultraviolet, 188 Keratoacanthoma, 34 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. 234 Keratosis, actinic or solar, 35 Kerions, 29 Kernicterus, 71 Kernig's sign, 149 Ketuacidosis, diabetic. 6. 37. 130. 263 Ketoconazole, 29 Kidney cancer, smoking-related, 239 Kidney stones. See Nephrolithiasis Kidney transplantation, 243 Klebsiella infections, as pneumonia cause, 119, 225 Klinefelter's syndrome, 83, 202 Knee, ligament injuries to, 197-198 Knee dislocation, posterior, vascular injuries associated with, 196 Koilocytosis, 226 Korsakoff's syndrome, 7, 8, 139, 251 Krukenberg's tumor. 180 Kussmanl breathing, 37, 263 L Labetol, 109 Labor "after premature rupture of the membranes, 166 characteristics and duration of, 160 false, 160 fetal positions during, 164 induction or augmentation of. 160 preterm, 164 true, 160 Laboratory medicine, 130-131, 262 Labyrinthitis, 41 Lactate dehydrogenase, as myocardial infarction marker, 16 Lactation, suppressmn of, 157 Laparoscopy, for infertility evaluation. 91 Large bowel obstruction, 76, 77 Laryngotracheitis, acute, 126 Larynx cancer, risk factors for, 7, 174, 239 Laxative abuse, 62 "Lazy eye." 191 Lead poisoning, 98, 100 screening for, 103, 201 treatment for, 103 Lead-time bias, 15 Learning disorders. 220 Left ventricular failure, 22 Legg-Calv6-Perthes disease, 197, 259 Legionella infections, 226 Legionella pneumophila infections, 121 Leiomyoma, 89 as estrogen replacement therapy contraindica- tion, 96 Leriche's syndrome, 245, 264 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 84 Leukemia acute lymphoblastc, 170, 172 acute myelogenous. 170 in children, 172 chronic lymphocytic, 170, 171 chronic myelogenous, 170 chromc myeloid, 171 environmental risk factors for. 174 as nosebleed cause, 42 Leukocoria, 201 Leukoplakia, 185 oral hairy, 185 Leydig cell tumors. 240 Lice, 30 Lichen planus, 28 "four Ps" of, 32 Lifesaving treatment, patient's reihsal of, 55 Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 147 Lindane, 30 Linea nigra, 152 Lipase, elevated levels of, 130 Lipoma, small, 28 Lithium, adverse effects of, 215 Liver effect of vitamin K on, 250 fatty changes in, 8 lacerations to, 79 Liver cancer, 183-184 risk factors for, 7, 174 tumor marker for, 186 Liver disease acute, 64-66 as estrogen replacement therapy contra- indication, 96 as oral contraceptives contraindication, 96 alcoholic, 7-8 chronic, 66 Liver failure clotting tests in, 107 metabolic disorders associated with, 67 sequelae of. 253 Living wills, 56, 263 Lochia, 157 Loffier's syndrome, 106 Lou Gehrig's disease, 145-146 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, 26. 262 calculation of, 27 Lower motor neuron facial nerve paralysis, 40 Lower motor neuron lesions, electromyographic findings in, 138 Low-fiber diet, as colon cancer risk factor, 174, 178 Lumbar puncture contraindications to, 137, 149, 259 as uncal herniation cause. 150 Lung cancer, 172 alcohol abuse-related, 7 environmental risk factors for, 174 metastatic, 181, 196 Pancoast (atypical). 174-175 paraneoplastic syndromes of, 175 screening for, 210, 256 sequelae of, 254 small cell (oat cell), 174, 175 smoking-related, 174. 225, 239 Lung tumors, Pancoast, 142 Lupus anticoagulant, 106 Lupus erythematosus, 234 Lyme disease, 118, 233 as facial paralysis cause, 40 as optic neuritis cause, 191 Lymphadenitis, cervical, 42, 259 Lymphangioma, 42 Lymphoma Burkitt's, 170, 171 African, 124 of central nervous system, 143 in children. 172 Hodgkin's, 170 non-Hodgkin's, 170, 171 Lynch syndrome, 177 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 158, 222 M Macrosomnia, fetal/neonatal, 152, 156, 257 Macular degeneration, 190, 259 Macules, 28 Magnesium deficiency. See also Hypomagnesernia alcohol abuse-related, 249 Magnesium sulfate, as eclampsia treatment, 159 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 229, 230 Malaria, 99 Malignant hyperthermia. 46 Malingering, 218 Mallory-Weiss tears, 8, 70 Malnutrition, alcoholism-related, 9 Mammography, 93, 94, 176, 177 Manganese, deficiencyn or toxicity of, 248 Mania, antidepressants and, 216 Mannitol, 150 Marfan's syndrome, 17, 84 Marijuana, 158, 221 Mastectomy, 177 Mastitis, 93, 94, 158 Mastoiditis, as headache cause, 140 Maternal mortality causes of, 21112 rate of, 211 McArdle's disease, 147 McBurney's point, 75, 264 McCune-Albright syndrome, 52, 202. 263 McRobert's maneuver, 163 Mean, 11 12 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, 104 Measles, German. See Rubella Measles (rubeola). 122 as hearing loss cause, 200 Meckel's diverticulum, 71,76 Meconium ileus, 71 Medial cruciate ligament tears, 197 198 Median. 12 Median nerve, motor and sensory functions of, 194, 259 Medicaid, 212 Medical care, withdrawal or withholding of, 57 Medicare. 212 Medulloblastoma, 140, 181 Megacolon, toxic, 64 Meigs" syndrome, 180 Melanoma, 33, 34, 35 ABCDs of, 185 in African-American patients, 35 metastatic to the brain, 181 tumor marker for. 186 Melasma, 97, 152 Memory impairment, 138 delirium or delirium-related, 139 Meniere's disease, 40, 41 Meningioma, 150. 181 posterior fossa, 40 Meningitis, 125 bacterial, 126 cerebrospinal fluid findmgs in, 137 in children, 125-126 as facial paralysis cause, 40 fungal, 137 as headache cause, 140 as hearing loss cause, 200 neisserial, prophylaxis against. 207 neonatal, 117, 128 streptococcal, 128 tuberculous, 137 viral, cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 137 Meningoceles. 151 Menopause, 92 93 Menstrual irregularities. See also Amenorrhea hyperthyroidism-related, 47 Mental retardation common causes of, 220 Down syndrome-related, 83 fragile-X syndrome-related, 83 Mental retardation (cont.) genetic factors in, 83, 84 maternal alcohol use-related, 8-9, 251 severity of, 220 Mental status alterations hypernatremia-related, 3 hyponatremia-related, 2 Meperidine, drug interactions of, 217 Mesothelioma, 174 Metabolic disorders, screening for, in pediatric patients, 199-200 Metastatic cancer, 172 to the brain, 181 chemotherapy for, 186 as spinal cord compression cause, 150, 151 to the spine, 173 Metformin, 39 Methicillin, nephrotoxicity of, 132 Methicillin resistance, in Staphylococcus aureus, 129 Methotrexate, as folate/folic acid deficiency cause, 249 Methyldopa, 109 as anemia cause. 98 as depression cause, 206 Metronidazole, 31, 62, 88 Miconazole, 29 Microsomnia, 156 Microsporum species, 29 Milk-alkali syndrome, 51 Milrinone, as shock treatment, 238 Minerals, 248-250, 251. See also specific minerals deficiencies or toxicities of, 248 Minors. emancipated, 56 Minoxidil, as hirsutism cause, 31, 49 Mite infestations (scabies), 28, 30 Mitochondrial myopathies, 147 Mitml prolapse, 19 Mitral regurgitation, 19 Mitral stenosis, 19 Modafinil, as narcolepsy treatment, 219 Mode. 12 Moles (nevi), 34 ABCD characteristics of, 254 malignant transformation of, 33, 34 Molluscum contagiosum, 30, 120 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 217 "Montezuma's revenge," 62, 120 Moro reflex, disappearance of, 204 Morphine as myocardial infarction-related pain treatment, 17 as sphincter of Odd spasm cause. 69. 76 Motor vehicle accidents as aortic rupture cause, 80 as splenic injury cause, 81 Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, 123-124 Multiple endocrine syndromes (MEN), 82, 173, 183 Multiple myelolna, 99 Multiple personality disorder, 218 Multiple sclerosis, 137, 138, 145. 255 cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 137 as optic neuritis cause, 191 Mumps, 43 as hearing loss cause, 200 Murphy's sign. 73. 265 Muscle breakdown, as renal failure cause, 132 Muscular dystrophy, 147 Muscular weakness, hypokalemia-related, 3 Mushrooms, hallucinogenic, 222 Myasthenia gravis. 146 Myasthenia gravis-like symptoms, 146-147 Mycobacterial infections, as cervical lylnpha- denitis cause, 42 Mycoplasma infections antibiotic therapy for, 118 as myringitis cause, 43 as pneumonia cause, 119, 225 Myelinolysis, central pontine, 2, 130. 261 Myelomeningocele, 151 Myocardial infarction, 16-17 aspirin prophylaxis against, 208 congestive heart failure-related, 22 diabetes mellitus-related, 37. 38. 39 electrocardiogram findings in, 16, 262 intraoperative, 245 "silent," 18, 37, 38 Myocarditis, pertussis-related, 126 Myoglobin. as myocardial infarction marker, 16 Myoglobinuria, 132 Myolnectomy, 89 Myopathy, mitochondrial, 147 Myotonic dystrophy, 147 Myringitis. infectious. 43 N Narcissistic personality disorder, 219 Narcolepsy, 219 Narcotics. See also Opioids as hyponatremia cause, 2 as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion cause, 54 Nasopharyngeal cancer, 124, 182 Nausea. See also Vomiting myocardial infarction-related, 16 pregnancy-related, 154 Near-drowning episodes. 46 Neck, anatomic zones of, 81 Neck cancer, 42 Neck masses, 42, 259 Necrosis avascular, 198 fat, as breast mass cause, 93, 94 Negative predictive value (NPV), 10-11 Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections as neonatal conjunctivitis cause, 187 as pelvic inflammatory disease cause, 87 as septic arthritis cause, 196, 232 Neis'seria infections, complement deticiency- associated. 116 Neonatal mortality rate, 211 Neonates APGAR score in, 204 caput succedaneum in, 203 cataracts in. 189 cephalhematoma in, 203 conjunctivitis in, 187-188, 258 hepatitis B vaccination in, 157 jaundice in, 71-72, 253 meningitis in. 125 vaginal bleeding in, 95 vitamin K supplementation in, 249 Nephritic syndrome, 133 Nephrocalcinosis, hypercalcemia-related, 6 Nephrolithiasis, 135. 136, 242 imaging of, 135, 136 Nephrology, 132-136 Nephropathy, diabetic, 37, 38 Nephrotic syndrome, 133 Nerve conduction velocity, 138 in peripheral neuropathies, 146 Neuralgia, trigeminal, 141 Neural tube defects. 154-155 prevention of, 152, 249, 251 Neuritis, optic, 190-191 Neuroblastoma, differentiated from Wilms' tumor, 185 Neurofibromatosis. 173. 182. 264 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 46, 215 Neurology, 137-147 Neuroma, acoustic, 40, 41, 182 Neuropathy diabetic. 146. 251 peripheral, 146 Neurosurgery, 148-151 Neurosyphilis, 122 Neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin, 389 Neutrophils. hypersegmented. 101 Nevi. See Moles Niacin. See Vitamin B Nickel exposure, as contact dermatitis cause. 28 Niemann-Pick disease, 263 Nipple discharge, 93 Nipples, Paget's disease of, 35 Nitroglycerin, as myocardml infarction treatment, 17 Nodules, 28 acne-related, 30 erythema nodosum-related, 32 Nodules (cont.) solitary pulmonary, 176, 224, 225 solitary thyroid, 183 Noise exposure, as hearing loss cause, 40 Nominal data, 14 Nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, 37 Nonrespunse bias, 15 Nonsteroidal anti-inflainmatury drugs action mechanism of, 207 adverse effects of, 132, 208, 261 Nonstress test, 153 Norepinephrine, as shuck treatment, 238 Norwalk virus, 71, 120 Nose bulbuus red, 31 fractures uf. 43 Nosebleeds, 41-42 Null hypothesis, 14 Nursing hume populatiun, 86 Nutritiun, in the elderly, 85 Nystatin, 29 O Obesity as coronary heart disease risk factor, 27 effects uf, 51 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 219 Obstetrics, 152-169. See also Delivery; Labor; Pregnancy Ocular tumors, 201 Oculomotor nerve isolated palsy of, 191 lesions of, 141 Odds ratio, 11 Olanzapine, 213, 214 Olfactory nerve lesions. 140 Oligohydramnios, 159 Omphalocele, 71 Oncology, 170-186 100 top secrets, 251-265 Onychomycosis, 29 Ophthalmology, 187-192 Opioids effects of, 222 overdose of, 138 use in terminally ill patients, 57 withdrawal from, 222 Oppositional-defiant disorder, 220 Oral cavity cancer risk factors for, 7, 174, 185,239 typical appearance of, 185 Oral contraceptives, 94, 96-97 adverse effects of, 97 breast cancer, 97. 176 hypertension, 110 photosensitivity, 32 Oral contraceptives (cont.) VACTERL syndrome, 155 contraindications to, 96, 239 discontinuation prior to surgery, 96 as endometrial cancer prophylaxis, 97, 180, 181 as ovarian cancer prophylaxis, 97, 180, 181 Oral glucose tulerance test, 36 Oral hypoglycemic agents, contraindication during pregnancy, 156 Orchitis, 240 Ordinal data, 14 Organophosphate poisoning, 147 Orthopedic surgery, 193-198 Ortolani's sign, 197, 259, 265 Osgood-Schlatter disease. 197 Osler's nodes, 125 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 51 Osteoarthritis, 231,254 Osteomalacia, 51 Osteomyelitis. 117. 184. 196 Osteoporosis estrogen replacement therapy prophylaxis against, 95 as pathologic fracture cause, 197 Osteosarcoma. 184. 235 Otitis externa, 42 Otitis media, 42, 128 as headache cause, 140 as hearing loss cause, 200 measles-related, 122 recurrent, 42-43 rubella infection-related, 122 Otosclerosis, 43 Ovarian cancer, 179 genetic factors in, 174 oral contraceptive prophylaxis against, 97, 180, 181 tumor marker for, 186 Ovarian veins, drainage of, 243 Ovulation, medically-induced, 91 Oxygen content, in fetal and neonatal circulation, 25 Oxygen saturation, fetal. 162 Oxytocin, adverse effects of, 2, 54, 160, 257 P Paget's disease, 235 of the nipple. 35 as osteosarcolna risk factor, 184 Pain as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion cause, 54 trauma-related. 193 Pain management, in terminally ill patients, 57 Palmar grasp reflex, disappearance of, 204 Pancreas cancer, 178-179 risk factors for, 7.69, 174, 178 tumor marker for, 186 Pancreatitis, 76 acute, 69 alcoholism-related, 8, 253 chronic, 69-70 gallstones-related, 253 as hypocalcemia cause, 5, 51 as peritonitis cause. 73 Panencephalitis, subacute sclerosing, 122 Panic disorder, 217 Papilledema, 181, 189 Papillitis, 190-191 Pap (Papanicolaou) smear. 180 in pregnant patients, 152 in sexually active adolescent girls, 202 Papules, 28 aChe-related, 30 lichen planus-related, 32 malignant melanoma-related, 34 psoriatic, 31 Paralysis, hypokalemia-related, 3 Paraneoplastic syndromes, 175 Paranoid personality disorder, 218 Parental consent, for medical care, 56 Parkinsonian symptoms, 145 Parkinsonism, 214 Parkinson's disease, 145 Parotid gland, swelling of, 43 Paroxetine, 217 Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), 21 Parvovirus B 19 infections, 102. 120. 122 Pasteurella multocida infections, 121 Patau's syndrome, 83 Patches, 28 Patellar plexus, anatomy of, 7 Patent ductus arteriosus, 25 Pediatrics, 199-204. See also Children; Infants; Neonates; Premature infants Pediculosis, 30, 88 Pelvic examination, lbr third-trimester bleeding evaluation, 163 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 87, 91,161,257 Pelvic relaxation, 94 Pelvis, fractures of, 193 Pemphigus, 28 Pemphigus vulgans, 33 Penetrating trauma, abdolninal, 79 Penicillins as anemia cause, 98 as erythema multiforme cause, 32 as syphilis treatment, 88, 121 Peptic ulcers, 17, 5839 as chest pain cause, 17 differentiated from acute pancreatitis, 69 Peptic ulcers (cont.) effect of smoking on, 239 perforated, 76 Pericarditis, 263 as chest pain cause, 17 uremic, 134 Peripheral blood smear, 9849 Peripheral nerves, motor and sensory functmns of, 194, 259 Peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus- related, 38 Peritonitis, 73 spontaneous bacterial. 67. 128 Permethrin cream, 30, 88 Personality disorder, 218 Personality tests, 220 Perspiration, excessive, 33 Pertussis. 126 Petechiae, with normal platelets, 107 Peutz-Jegher's syndrome, 173 pH analysis of, 1,252 in asthma. 2 effect on calcium levels, 5 effect on serum potassium, 3 fetal scalp, 162 Pharmacology, 205-209. See also specific drugs Pharyngitis, streptococcal, 123 Pharynx cancer, risk factors for, 7, 174, 239 Phencyclidine (PCP) xntoxication, 222 Phenothiazines, as photosensitivity cause, 32 Phenylephrine, as shock treatment, 238 Phenylketonuria, screening for, 199 Phenytoin, adverse effects of, 31, 98, 249 Pheochromocytoma, 53, 110 Phobias. 217 Phosphatidylglycerol, as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome predictor, 227 Phosphorus. See also Hypophosphatemia as hypercalcemia treatment, 6 relationship with calcium, 5 Phosphorus deficiency. See Hypophosphatemia Photocoagulation, panretinal laser, 38, 189 Photosensitivity, drug-induced, 32 Phototherapy, for neonatal jaundice, 72 Physical restraints, 56 Pilocarpine, 188 Pituitary tumors, 182 Pityrosporum, 30 Pityriasis rosacea, 31 Pityriasis versicolor, 30 Placebo response, 207 Placental separation, 157 Placental sulfatase deficiency, 154 Placenta previa, 163, 258 Plantaris muscle, anatomy of, 6 Plaques. psoriatic, 28, 31 Platelet transfusions, 105 Pleural effusiuns, 227, 228 Pleuritis, as chest pain cause, 17 Plummer-Vinsun syndrome, 101 Pneumococcal mmunzation, 119, 211 Pneumocystis carinii, as pneumonia cause. 114. 119, 120, 226 Pneumonia, 117 antibiotic therapy for, 225 aspiration, 78, 225 alcoholism-associated. 9 bacterial, 118, 119-120 as chest pain cause, 17 chickenpox-related, 123 in children, 226 chlamydial. 119 diagnosis of, 118, 22526 gram-negative, 119 Hemophilus influenzae-related, 119 most common cause of, 118 Mycoplasma, 119 Pneumocvstis carinii, 114. 119, 120, 226 as postoperative fever cause, 78 "round," 226 typical differentiated from atypical, 225 viral, 119 Pneumothorax open, 79, 80, 258 tension, 79. 80. 258 Poison ivy, 28 Polyarteritis nodosa, 234-235 Polychromasia, 99 Polycystic kidney disease, 110, 133 Polycystic ovarian syndrome. 31.49. 90.92. 257 Polycythema vera, 170 Polygenic disorders, 82 Polyhydramnios, 156, 159 Polymyalgia rheumatica, 235 Polymyositis, 235 Polyneuropathy, postinfectious, 137 Polyposis coli, fanfilial, 173, 177 Polyps, nasal, 112 as aspirin contraindication, 208 Port-wine birthmarks. 28 Positive predictive value (PPV), 10 Posterior cruciate ligament tears, 197 Postrenal failure, 132 Posttranmatic stress disorder, 217-218 Potassium. See also Hyperkalemia; Hypokalemia interaction with digitalis, 3 Potassmm chloride, as intravenous fluid component. 6 Potassium hydroxide, as fungal infection treatment, 29, 88 Potassium replacement, 3 Potter's syndrome, 244 Power. of studxes. 15 Power of attorney, for health care, 56 Poxvirus infections, 30 Preeclampsia, 156, 158, 159, 257 Pregnancy, 152-169, 257-258. See also Delivery; Labor acute fatty liver of, 168 alcohol use during, 8-9 cardiovascular changes during, 167 cholestasis during, 68 diabetes screening during, 36 ectopic, 161, 162, 257 ruptured, 162 erythrocyte sedimentation rate during, 131 fibroid growth during, 89 hepatitis E during, 65 hypermagnesemia during, 6 hypertension treatment during, 109 hypunatremia during, 2 laboratory test results during, 167, 262 postterm, 154 presenting as primary amenurrhea, 92 pulmonary changes dunng, 167 renal disease during. 131 as rubella vaccination contraindication, 122 as secondary amenorrhea cause, 91 signs and symptoms of, 152 smoking during, 239 third-time vaginal bleeding during, 163. 164. 258 tuberculosis during, 157 weight gain during, 168 Pregnancy testing home test kits for, 160 prior to initiation of anticunvulsant administration, 144 isotretinoin therapy, 31 Prehn's syndrome, 265 Premature infants mortality rate in, 211 physiologic jaundice in, 72 Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), 166 Premature ventricular contractions, 23 Prerenal failure, 132 Presbyacusis, 40, 235 Presbyopia, 192, 235, 259 Prevalence differentiated from incidence. 13 effect of survival time on, 14 Prevalence surveys, 13 Preventive medicine, 210-212 fur pediatric patients, 199, 200 Priapism, trazudone-related. 217 Progesterone test, for secondary amenurrhea evaluation, 92 Prolactin, 215 Prolactinoma, pituitary, 92 Propionibactrium acnes, as acne cause. 30, 31 Proptosis, hyperthyroidism-related, 47 Prospective studies, 13 Prostaglandin E2, labor-augmenting effects of, 160 Prostate cancer, 172 diagnosis and treatment of, 177 incidence of, 254 metastatic, 196 mortality rate of, 254 risk factors for, 177 screening for, 210, 256 tumur marker for, 186 Prostate-specific antigen, 186, 210 Protamine, 21 Proteinuria, 133 preeclampsia-related, 158. 159 Prothrombin time (PT), 21 Protraction disorders, 160 Pruritus, 28 Pseudoaneurysms, 17 of the extremities, 247 Pseudocysts, pancreatic, 76 Pseudodementia, 139, 235 Pseudogout, 231,232 Pseudohypertension, 108 Pseudohypoparathyroidism. as hyocalcenfia cause, 5 Pseudomembranes, 126 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, of burn wounds, 45 Pseudomonas infections antibiotic therapy for, 118 of burn wounds, 121 as pneumonia cause, 119, 226 Pseudotumur cerebri, 137, 140. 181 Psoriasis, 28, 31 as arthritis cause, 232, 233 Psoriatic lesions, 28 Psychiatric patients, involuntary hospitalization of, 219 Psychiatry, 213-223 Psychological tests, objective differentiated from subjective, 2 ! 9-220 Psychosis, 213 Korsakoff's, 7, 8. 139. 251 Puberty. See also Adolescents delayed, 200, 202, 260 precocious, 50, 51, 52, 95 uncorrectable or idiopathic, 202 pseudoprecocious. 51, 52 Tanner stages of, 202 Pulmonary disease chronic, blood gas values in, 1 obstructive differentiated from restrictive, 224, 252 Pulmonary function, in surgical patients, 225 Pulmonary function testing, 78, 224 Puhnonology, 224-228 Pulsus paradoxus, 80 Pupils Argyll-Robertson. 122 "blown," 141, 149, 191 ipsilateral, 148 dilated, unreactive. 149 Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculosis testing, 113 in HIV-positive patients, 113-114 Purpura Henoch-Sch6nlein. 71 thrombocytopenic idiopathic, 107 thrombotic, 105, 107, 135 Pustules, acne-related, 30 p-value, 14. 257 Pyelography, intravenous, 241 Pyelonephritis, 135 during pregnancy, 158 Pyloric stenosis, 70 Pyrazinainide as hepatitis cause, 66 as tuberculosis treatment, 129 Pyridoxine. See Vitanfin B 6 Q Quickening, 164 R Rabies, 127 "Raccoon eyes," 149 Radial nerve, motor and sensory functiuns of. 194, 259 Radiation, teratogenicity uf. 155 Radiation therapy, for breast cancer, 177 Radiology, 229-230 Radionuclide scans, for gastrointestinal hemorrhage localization, 60 Rales, myocardial infarction-related, 16 Ramsay Hunt syndrome, 40 Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test, 106, 121 false-positive results on, 131 Rashes, 28 heliotrope. 234 "slapped-cheek," 122 Raynaud's syndrome, 69 Rebound tenderness, abdumnal. 73 Recall bias, 15 Rectocele, 94 Rectum cancer, risk factors for, 174 Red blood cell casts, as poststreptococcal glomeru- lonephritis marker. 133 Red blood cell transfusions, 105 Red reflex, 201 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. 196 Refusal, of treatment, 261 Reiter's syndrome, as arthritis cause, 233 Rejection, of kidney transplants. 243, 244 Relative risk, 11 Renal artery stenosis, as hypertension cause. 110 Renal cell carcinoma, 174, 240 Renal disease chronic, anemia associated with, 104 during pregnancy, 131 screening for, in pediatric patients, 202 Renal failure acute, 132 categories of. 132 chronic, 133 134 drug-related, 132 hypercalcemia-related. 6 as hyperkalemia cause, 4 as hypertension cause. 110 as hypocalcemia cause, 5, 51 intravenous contrast agent-related, 37 Renal insufficiency drug-related, 132 intravenous iodinated contrast material use in, 37 Renal stones. See Nephrolithiasis Respiratory distress, diaphragmatic hernia-related, 71 Respiratory distress syndrome adult, 225 neonatal, 156, 164, 227 Respiratory infections, in children, 126 Respiratory syncytial virus infections, 126, 224 Restraints, 56 Retained products of conception, 166 Reticulocyre count, 100 Reticulocytes, 99, 100 Reticulocytosis, 99 Retinal artery, occlusion of. 190 Retinal detachment, 190 Retinoblastinoma, 173, 186, 201 Retinopathy, diabetic, 37, 189, 251 nonproliferative, 189 proliferative. 189 Retrospective studies, 13 Reye's syndrome, 64, 123,204 Rhabdomyolysis, 130 alcoholism-related, 8 hypophosphatemia-related. 6 as renal failure cause, 132 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 182 Rh blood-type incompatibility, 165 Rheumatic fever arthritis associated with. 233 Jones' criteria for, 127, 233 Rheumatoid arthritis, 231,232 juvenile. 235 uveitis associated with, 188 Rheumatoid facton 235 Rheumatology, 231-235 Rhinitis, 41 Rhinophyma, 31 Rhinovirus, 41 Rhogain. 165 Rhomboid crystals, 232 Riboflavin. See Vitamin B Rickets, 249 Rifampin as hepatitis cause. 66 as neisserial meningitis prophylaxis, 207 as tuberculosis treatment, 129 use in shock patients, 252 Right ventricular failure, 22 Ringer's lactate solution, use in trauma patients. 6 Ringworm, 29 Rinne test, 43-44 Risperidone. as schizophrenia treatment, 213, 214 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 124 Rosacea, 31 Roseola infantum (exanthem subitum), 122 Rotavirus, 120 Roth spots. 125 Rotor disease, 72 Rouleaux formation, 99 Rovsing's sign, 75, 265 Rubella, 122, 156 Rubella antibody screening, during pregnancy, 152 Rubella immunization, 211 Rubeola. See Measles "Rum fits," 7 S Saline as hyponatremia treatment, 2 use in hypovolemic patients, 6 use in trauma patients, 6 Salmonella infections, as diarrhea cause, 62 Sample size, 15 Sarcoidosis, 32, 43, 51 Sarcoma. Kaposi's. 185 Sarcoma botryoides, 95, 182 Sarcoptes scabei, 30 Scabies, 28, 30 Scalded skin syndrome, 128, 129 Scaphoid bone. fractures of, 195 Scarlet fever, 123 Schilling's test, 101,249 Schistocytes, 99 Schizoid personality disorder, 218 Schizophrenia, 145.213-214 Schizotypal personality disorder, 218 Schwannoma, acoustic, as facial paralysis cause, 40 Sclerodactyly, 69 Scleroderma, 69, 234 Scoliosis, 197 Scrofula, as cervical lymphadenitis cause, 42 Scurvy, 107 Secrets, top 100, 251-265 Seizures absence partial, 142 complex partial, 142 eclaInpsia-related, 159 febrile, 143 hypernatremia-related. 3 hypertensive, 144 hypocalcena-related, 4 hyponatremia-related, 2 secondary, 143 simple partial. 142 tonic-clonic (grand real), 142 143 Selenium, deficiency or toxicity of, 248 Selenium sulfide shampoo, as tinea versicolur treatment, 30 Self-mutilation. 84 Semen, evaluation of, 91 Seminoma, 240 Separation anxiety disorder. 220 Sepsis, 117 chickenpux-related. 123 neonatal, 128 Septum, deviated nasal, 41 Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors action mechanism of, 217 as depression treatment, 216 as social phobia treatment, 217 Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, 180 Sestamibi parathyroid scan. 50 Severe combined immunudeficiency, 114 Sexual abstinence, 94 Sexual abuse, childhood, 30, 218 Sexual function, aging-related changes in, 235 Sexually transmitted diseases, prevention of, 94 Sexual partners, of vaginal infection patients, 88 Sheehan's postpartum syndrome, 47-48 Shigella infections, as diarrhea cause. 62 Shingles, 123 Shock, 236-238 anaphylactic, 236, 237, 238 cardiogenic, 236, 237 hypovolemic, 236, 237 neurogenic, 236 postpartum fever-related, 167 septic, 236 spinal, 150 treatment for, 252 Shunts right-to-left. 20 splenorenal, 9 transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic, 9 Sialolithiasis, 43 Sickle cell crisis, 103 Sickle cell disease, 98, 102-103 arthritis associated with, 234 as hypercalcenfia cause, 3 as hypernatremia cause, 3 as hypokalenfia cause, 3 screening for, 199 Sigmoidoscopy, 178, 210 Signs and symptoms, 26465 Silicosis, 226 Silver nitrate, as conjunctivitis cause, 187 Sinus bradycardia, electrocardiographic abnormalities in, 23 Sinuses. frontal, development of, 43 Sinusitis, 128 bacterial causes of, 43 deviated nasal septum-related, 41 Sinus tachycardia electrocardiographic abnormalities in, 23 hyperthyroidism associated with. 25 SjOgren syndrome, 43, 234 Skewed distribution. 12 Skin cancer, 34 basal cell, 34, 185 risk factors fur, 174, 185 squamous cell, 34-35, 185 in situ. 35 Skull fractures basilar. 149 as epidural hematoma cause. 148 Sleep apnea, 1, 22 Sleep habits, of elderly people, 235 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 197. 259 Small bowel obstruction, 76 Smoking, 239 as cancer cause, 172, 174 bladder cancer, 183 cervical cancer, 180 oral cavity cancer, 185 pancreatic cancer. 69 stomach cancer. 184 as cardiovascular disease cause, 239 contraindication during pregnancy. 239 coronary heart disease risk factor, 27 effect on high-density lipuprotein (HDL) levels, 27 as mortality and morbidity cause, 251 as oral contraceptives contraindication, 96 secondhand exposure to, 239 Smoking cessation, preoperative, 225 "'Snow-blindness," 188 Social phobia, 217 Somatization disorder, 218 Somatoform disorders, 218 Somogyi effect, 38-39 S-100, 186 Spasms, diffuse esophageal, 68-69 Spherocytes, 99 Spherocytosis, 104 Sphincter of Oddi. morphine-related spasms of, 69, 76 Spider angiomas, 8, 66 Spina bifida, 151 Spinal accessory nerve, 142 Spinal cord compression. 150-151. 173 Spinal cord injury, 150 Spine, "'bamboo," 233 Spirometry, 78 Spleen lacerations to. 8 l rupture of, 80 Splenectomy, 80 Splenomegaly, as contact sports contraindication, 80, 124 Sporothrix schenkii, 120 Sputum, "currant jelly," 119 Sputum cultures, for pneumonia diagnosis, 118 Squamous cell skin cancer, 34-35, 185, 259 in situ, 35 Staghorn calculi, 136 Standard deviation (SD), 11 Stapedius muscle paralysis, 40 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, 128. 129 Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant, 129 Staphylococcus aureus infections, 128-129 of burned skin, 45 as mastitis cause, 158 as orbital cellulitis cause, 189 as osteomyelitis cause, 117 as pneumonia cause, 119, 225, 226 as septic arthritis cause, 117 Staphylococcus infections antibiotic treatment for, 129 as impetigo cause, 124 nosocomial, 129 Statins. See 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors Statistics. 10-15 Status epilepticus, 143 Steatorrhea, 63, 69 Stein-Leventhal syndrome, 31, 49 Sterilization, as birth control melhod, 94 Steroids. See also Corticosteroids ocular effects of, 188 use in preterm labor, 164 Stevens-Johnson syndrome. 32 Stillbirth, 211 Stomach cancer, risk factors for, 7, 174, 184 Stomatitis, 35 Stool, occult blood in, 178 Strabismus, 191, 192 inlerminent, 201 Streptococcus agalactiae infections, neonatal. 128 Streptococcus infections adverse effects of, 255 impetigo, 124 scarlet fever, 123 group B vaginal, during pregnancy, 158 Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, 128 as meningitis cause, 117 as myringitis cause, 43 as orbital cellulitis cause, 189 as pneumonia cause, 117, 118, 119 as sinusitis cause, 43 Streptococcus pyogenes infections as pharyngitis cause. 127 as skin infection cause, 127 Stress, as vasovagal syncope cause, 138 Stroke acute, 144 aspirin prophylaxs against. 208. 209 causes of, 144 deep venous thrombosis-related, 20 as facial paralysis cause, 40 hemorrhagic, 144 as aspirin conlraindication. 209 hypertension-related, 110 as seizure cause, 143 Subclavian steal syndrome. 247 Substantia nigra, in Parkinson's disease, 145 Subthalamc nucleus lesions, 145 Sudden death syndrome, 200 Suicide, 215-216 by adolescents. 221 risk factors for, 7, 215, 257 by schizophrenics, 213 Suicide attempts, 215 Sulfa drugs as anemia cause. 98 as erythema multiforme cause, 32 as neonatal jaundice cause, 72 Sulfonamides, as erythema nodosum cause, 32 Sulfonylurea drugs, 39 "Sunburst" periosteal reaction. 184 "Sundowning," 139 Superior vena cava syndrome, 174 Surgery ear, nose, and throat, 40-44 food and flmd intake restrictions prior to. 78 general, 73-81 neurosurgery, 148-151 Survival time, effect on incidence and prevalence, 14 "Swimmer's ear," 42 Symptoms, 264-265 Syncope, 138 vasovagal, 138 Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, 2, 54, 175 Syphilis. 121-122 as baldness cause, 31 diagnosis of, 121 as optic neuritis cause. 191 screening lbr, during pregnancy, 152 treatment for, 88, 121 Syringomyelia, 151 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 131 as baldness cause. 31 T Takayasu's arteritis, 235 Tamponade, cardiac, 79, 80, 258 pericardiaL 237 Tanner stages, of puberty, 202 Tapeworms, 249 Tardive dyskinesia, 214 Target cells, 99 Target lesions, of erythema multiforme, 32 Tattoos, 28 Tay-Sachs disease, 263 Teeth, avulsed, salvage of. 81 Telangiectasia, 69 Temporal bone fractures, as facial paralysis cause, 40 Teratogens, 155 Teratoma, 180 Terminally ill patients opioid use in, 57 right to die, 55 Testicular cancer, 182, 240, 242-243. 260 Testicular torsion, 240 Testicular veins, drainage of, 243 Tesls reliability of, 12 sensitivity and specificity of. 10. 12 Tetanus vaccine, 211 Tetany, 4, 51 Tetracyclines as acne treatment, 31 as photosensitivity cause. 32 as pseudotumor cerebri cause, 140 Tetralogy of Fallot, 25 Thalassemia, 101-102 Thalidomide, 155 Theca-cell tumors, 180 Thiamine. See Vitamin B Thioridazine, adverse effects of, 215 Thoracic outlet syndrome, 247 Thrombocytopenia heparin-related, 21 idiopathic, 135 as nosebleed cause, 42 primary, 170 Thrombolysis as myocardial infarction treatment, 17 as stroke treatment, 144 Thrombophlebitis as estrogen replacement therapy contraindica- tion. 96 superficial, 20, 247 Thrombosis, deep venous, 19, 20 anticoagulant prophylaxis against, 106 intraoperative and postoperative, 78 Thrush. oral, 29 "Thumb sign," 126 Thyroglossal duct, cysts of, 42, 259 Thyroid cancer. 42, 174, 183 Thyroid hormone replacement, 47 Thyroiditis, Hashimoto's, 48 Thyroid-releasing hormone. 52 Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 47, 48, 52-53, 92. 183 Thyroxine, 47, 48 Tinea capitis, 29 Tinea corporis, 29 Tinea cruris, 29 Tinea pedis, 29 Tinea unguium, 29 Tinea versicolor, 30 Tinel's sign, 265 Tinnims, aspirin overdose-related, 1 Tissue-plasminogen activator, as stroke treatment, 144 Tobacco, smokeless, as oral cavity cancer risk factor. 185 Tocolytics, 164 Tonometers, 188 Tophi, 230 TORCH syndrome, 40, 153, 156, 189, 200 Total cholesterol. 26. 262 Tourette's disorder, 221 Toxic shock syndrome, 237 Toxins, as seizure cause, 143 Toxoplasmosis, 120, 121, 156 Tracheoesophageal fistulas, 70 Transient ischemic altacks (TIAsl 144. 208, 209, 26O Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), 241 Trauma, 78-81 as nosebleed cause, 41 pelvic, 241 Trauma care ABCDEs of, 78. 258 imaging studies in, 79 Trazedone. as priapism cause, 217 Tremors alcohol withdrawal-related, 7 brain lesion-related, 145 Parkinson's disease-related, 145 resting, 145 Treponema pallidum infections, antibiotic therapy for, 118 Tretinoin 31 Trichinosis, 120 Trichophyton species, 29 Trichotillomania, 31 Tricyclic antidepressanls, 216 overdose, 216, 217 Trigeminal nerve, muscles innervaled by, 141 Trimethoprim, as folale deficiency cause, 249 Triple screen, during pregnancy, 152, 155 Trisomy 21. See Down syndrome Trochlear nerve isolated palsy of, 191 lesions of, 191 Trophozoites, 121 Troponin, as myocardial infarction marker, 16 Trousseau's sign. 4.20, 51. 265 Trousseau's syndrome, 178 T-test, 14 Tuberculosis, 120, 225, 226 during pregnancy, 157 treatment for, 129 Tuberculosis testing, 113 in HIV-posirive patients, 113-114 in pediatric patients, 201 during pregnancy, 153 Tuberous sclerosis, 84, 173 Tumor markers, 186, 210 TurcoFs syndrome, 173, 177 Turner's syndrome, 42. 83 Twins, monozygotic differentiated from dizygotic, 168 2 × 2 table, 256 Tympanic membrane infection of, 43 otitis media-related perforation of, 42 Tympanostomy tubes, 42-43 Type A personality, as coronary heart disease risk factor, 27 Tzanck smear, 123. 156 U Ulcers diaberic foot, 128 duodenal, differenliated from gastric ulcers. 58,59 esophageal, 58 gastric, 184 pepric. See Peptic ulcers perforated, 76 pressure/decubitus, 33 diabetic peripheral neuropathy-relaled, 38 prevention of, 235 Ulnar nerve, molor and sensory functions of, 194, 259 Ultrasound, 229, 230 fetal, 153 for intrauterine gestational sac detection, 161 Ultraviolet lighl as keratitis cause, 188 as skin cancer cause. 174. 185 Umbilical cord, 203 Unacceptability bias, ! 5 Unconscious patients, treatment for, 138-139, 255 Uremia as platelet defect cause, 22 as "platelet-type" bleeding cause, 107 Urethral injury, 241,242 Urethritis, Reiter's syndrome-related, 233 Urelhrocele, 94 Urehrogaphy, retrograde, 242 Urinalysis lbr bladder cancer screening, 210 for hypertension evaluarion, 111 in pregnant patients, 152 Urinary retention, acute, 241 Urinary tract infections, 134-135 causal organisms or, 117 as nephrolithiasis cause. 242 in pediatric patients, 202 as postoperarive fever cause, 78 treatment for, 117 Urine alkalinization, as aspirin overdose treatment, 1 Urology, 240-244 Uterine bleeding, abnormal, 8990 Uteroplacental insufficiency, 257 Uterus atony of, 166, 258 inversion of, 167 measuremenl of, 153 radiologic e×amination of, 91 rupture of, 163 164 Uveitis, 188, 258 V Vaccines, 211 VACTERL syndrome. 155 Vagina clear-cell cancer of, 180 pediatric, sarcoma botryoides of, 95 Vaginal bleeding in neonates. 95 postmenopausal, 180 third-trimester, 163 feral bleeding presenting as, 164 Vaginal discharge in neonates, 203 in prepubescent girls, 95 Vaginal infections, 88 Vaginal prolapse, 94 Vaginitis, in prepubescem girls, 95 Valproic acid, side effects of. 215 Valvular heart disease, 19-20 Variables, confounding, 15 Variance test, 14 Varicella-zoster virus infections, 123, 156 in pregnant patients, 157 Varices abdominal wall, 7 esophageal alcoholism-related, 7, 9 bleeding, 9 Varicoceles, differentiated from hydroceles, 242 Vasa previa. 164 Vascular surgery, 245-247 Vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors, 179 Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, 106, 121 false-positive results on, 131 Venous insufficiency, 247 Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scans, 20-21 Ventricular fibrillation, electrocardiographic abnormalities in, 23 Ventricular septal defects, 25 Ventricular tachycardia, electrocardiographic abnormalities in, 23 Vertigo, 41 Vesicles, 28 Vestibulocochlear nerve, 141 acoustic neuroma-related injury to, 182 lesmns of, 141 Vibrio vulnificus infections, 128 Viral infections. See also specific viruses as hearing loss cause, 41 Virchow's node, 184 Virchow's triad, 19, 237, 252, 265 Virilization congenital adrenal hyperplasia-related. 50 hirsutism associated with, 31, 49 21-hydroxylase deficiency-related, 50 Vision loss in African-American patients, 189, 258 aging-related, 190, 235, 259 bilateral painless, 259 cataracts-related, 188, 190, 259 diabetic retinopatphy-related, 251 in elderly patients, 189 glaucoma, 189, 258, 259 optic neuritis-related, 190 strabismus-related, 191, 192 Vision testing, in pediatric patients, 200 Visual fields defects, brain tunaor-related, 140-141 Vital signs, in children. 204 Vitamin(s), 248-250, 251 fat-soluble, 248 toxicities of, 248 Vitamin A as pseudotumor cerebri cause, 140 teratogenicity of, 249, 251 Vitamin A deficiency, 142, 248, 264 Vitamin B deficiency, as stomatitis cause, 35 Vitamin B1 deficiency, 248 alcoholism-related, 9, 249 empirical treatment for, 138 Vitamin B 1 supplementation, in alcoholics, 7, 9 Vitamin B 2 deficiency, 248 Vitamin B3. as hypercholesterolemla treatment, 27 Vitamin B 3 deficiency, 248 Vitamin B6, as sideroblastic anemia treatment, 104 Vitamin B 6 deficiency, 142, 146, 248, 249, 251 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 100, 101, 142, 146. 248. 249 Vitamin B12 supplements, 101 Vitamin C deficiency, 248, 250 effect on coagulation test results, 22 as "platelet-type" bleeding cause, 107 as stomatitis cause, 35 Vitamin D deficiency, 248 in children, 249 as hypocalcemia cause, 5, 51 Vitamin deficiencies, 248 alcoholism-related, 9 Vitamin D supplementation, in breast-fed infants, 201 Vitamin E deficiency, 142, 146, 248 Vitamin K, interaction with clotting factors, 250 Vitamin K deficiency, 21,248, 250 Vitamin K supplementation, in neonates, 249 Vitiligo, 28, 249 Volvulus as large bowel obstruction cause. 76, 77 midgut, 71 sigmoid, 77 Vomiting aspirin overdose-related, 1 bilious, small bowel obstruction-related, 76 myocardial infarction-related, 16 pregnancy-related. 154 pseudotumor cerebri-related, l 81 self-induced, 221 Von Hippel-Lindau disease. 173 Von Willebmnd deficiency, 21 Von Willebrand's disease, 107 Vulvovaginitis, Candida, 29 W Waldenstr6m's macroglobulinemia, 170 Warfarin effect on clotting test results, 107 monitoring of, 21 teratogenicity of, 155 Warts, 28, 30 genital. 30 Weber test, 43 Wegener's granulomatosis, 133 Weight gain, during pregnancy, 168 Weight loss, as diabetes mellitus type 2 treatment, 39 Weight measurement, in pediatric patients, 199. 200 Wernicke's aphasia, 138 Wernicke's syndrome, 7, 8, 139 Wheals, 28 Wheezing, in children, 22A Whipple procedure. 179 Whipple's triad, 179 Whiteheads, 30 "Whooping cough," 126 Wilms' tumor, differentiated Iom neuroblastoma, 185 Wilson's disease, 66-67, 248, 264 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 115 Withdrawal from alcohol, 7 from barbiturates, 222 from benzodiazepines, 222 from caffeine, 223 from cocaine, 221 from corticosteroids, as pseudotumor cerebri cause, 140 differentiated from intoxication, 223 from drugs of abuse, 257 Withdrawal (cont.) of medical care, 57 from opioids, 222 as seizure cause, 143 Withholding, of medical care, 57 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 23, 25 Wood's lamp examination, 29 Word associations, 263-264 Wound dehiscence, 78 Wound infections, as postoperative fever cause, 78 X Xanthelasma, hypercholesterolemia-related, 26 Xanthoma, tendon, hypercholesterolemla-related, 26 Xeroderma pigmentosa, 173 X-linked recessive disorders, 82, 83, 115 Y Yersinia infections, as diarrhea cause, 62 Yolk-sac tumors, 240 tumor marker for, 186 Z Zinc, deficiency or toxicity of, 248 Zolhnger-Ellison syndrome, 179 |