![]() by Dr. Mary Ellen Guffey |
[Print version published in Business Communication Quarterly, March 1997, pp. 59-76. Latest online revision, August 22, 1998]
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following formats and examples are offered as models for
references that might appear in the "References" section
(bibliography) of a business writer's research paper. These formats
are based primarily on the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, Fourth Edition (1994). The APA
publication, however, was compiled before many of today's most
widely used Internet protocols (http, telnet, and news) had become universally
established.
For citation formats more current than those featured in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, I consulted Xia Li and Nancy Crane, "Electronic Sources: APA Style of Citation" <http://www.uvm.edu/~xli/reference/apa.html>. I also examined Li and Crane's Electronic Styles: A Handbook for Citing Electronic Information (Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc., 1996).
In the recommended basic formats and the examples that follow, every effort was made to maintain consistency with published APA formats. When no model format for an electronic source appeared
in the APA Manual, I extrapolated a logical APA-style format.
Below are additional considerations for business writers citing
electronic sources.
1. World Wide Web Home Page, Professional Site | 8. Journal Article, Online |
2. World Wide Web Home Page, Personal Site | 9. Magazine Article, Online |
3. World Wide Web, Secondary Page | 10. Newspaper Article, Online |
4. Book, Online | 11. Newsgroup Article |
5. Book Review, Online | 12. Discussion List Message, Archived |
6. Encyclopedia Article, Online | 13. Personal E-mail |
7. Encyclopedia Article, CD-ROM |
Title of page. (Revision or copyright date, if available). [Publication medium]. Page Publisher. <URL> [Access date].
Nordstrom personal touch America. [Online]. Nordstrom, Inc. <http://www.npta.com/> [1996, Nov. 14].
Name of site owner. (Revision or copyright date, if available). Title of site, if available; for a site with no title, description of site (such as "Home page"). [Publication medium]. Page Publisher. <URL> [Access date].
Robertson, Richard E. (1997, Mar. 4). Home page. [Online]. University of Michigan. <http://msewww.engin.umich.edu/mse/robertson.html> [1998, Aug. 18].
Author/editor (if known). (Revision or copyright date, if available). Title of page. [Publication medium]. Page Publisher. <URL> [Access date].
Goizueta, R. C. (1996, Feb. 26). Annual report to share owners. [Online]. Coca-Cola Company. <http://www.cocacola.com/co/chairman.html> [1996, Nov. 14].
Author. (Date--indicate "No date" if none is known). Title of book (Edition or other available information). [Publication medium]. Producer (optional). <URL> [Access date].
Strunk, W., Jr. (1918). The elements of style. [Online]. <http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/strunk/strunk/html#11> [1998, Aug. 20].
Author of review. (Date). [Review of Book title by Author] [Publication medium]. Journal or Magazine Title. Volume(issue) (if given), paging or n. pag. indicating no pagination. <URL> [Access date].
Hansen, R. (1995). [Review of A pragmatic approach to business ethics by A. Michalos] [Online]. The Online Journal of Ethics. 1(1), n. pag. <http://condor.depaul.edu/ethics/michalos.html> [1996, May 5].
Author/editor (if given). Title of material accessed. (Date). In Source (edition) (if given). [Publication medium]. Producer (optional). <URL> ["search term" (if necessary for retrieval)] [Access date].
Stock market crash of 1929. (1995). In Britannica Online. [Online]. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <http://www.eb.com/> ["stock market"] [1998, July 11].
Author/editor (if given). Title of material accessed. (Date). In Source (edition, release, or version, if relevant). [Publication medium]. Location: Name of Producer.
Genetic engineering. (1994). In Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia (Version 2.0). [CD-ROM]. Carlsbad, CA: Compton's NewMedia, Inc.
Author. (Date). Title. Journal Title [Publication medium], volume:issue (if given), paging. <URL> [Access date].
Koehn, D. (1995). The ethics of handwriting analysis in pre-employment screening. The Online Journal of Ethics [Online], 1:1, n. pag. <http://condor.depaul.edu/ethics/hand.html> [1996, June 2].
Nakata, C. and Sivakumar, K. (1996, January). National culture and new product development: An integrative review. Journal of Marketing [Online], 60:1, 12 pages. <telnet://melvyl.ucop.edu> [1996, May 13].
Author. (Date). Title. Magazine Title [Publication medium], volume (if given), paging (if given). <URL> [Access date].
Murphy, H. Lee. (1997, March 4). Saturn's orbit still high with consumers. Marketing News Online [Online]. <http://www.ama.org/pubs/mn/ 0818/n1.htm> [1996, May 13].
Author. (Date). Title. Newspaper Title [Publication medium], paging (if available). <URL> [Access date].
Markoff, J. (1996, June 5). Voluntary rules proposed to help insure privacy for Internet users. The New York Times [Online]. <http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/y05dat.html> [1996, June 5].
Author (if given). Article title. (Date). Newsgroup focus. <URL> [Access date].
Japan sends confusing signal on U.S. chip dispute. (1996, June 3). News on world, Asia, and Japan business. <news:clari.world.asia. japan.biz> [1996, June 5].
Sommer, E. MetaphoricQuotes related to law. (1996, June 2). Quotations. <news:alt.quotations> [1996, June 3].
Author. (Date). Subject of message. Discussion List [Publication medium]. <LISTSERV@E-mail address/GET> [Access date].
Sandwen, J. (1995, Aug. 8). GSA's airline city-pair contracts. Travel [Online]. <LISTSERV@financenet.gov/Get travel 950809> [1996, Dec. 11].
Sender. (sender's e-mail address). (Date). Subject of message. E-mail to Recipient (recipient's e-mail address).
Omar, B. W. (bomar@aol.com). (1996, June 5). Excellent Web sites for job seekers. E-mail to M. E. Guffey (meguffey@rain.org).
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