#34
Brought to you by the Purdue University Online Writing Lab
Purdue's OWL offers information about other citation methods and
electronic sources. We have the following handouts:
For more information about writing research
papers, see our workshop
on this subject. We also have information on using statistics
in your paper.
If you are asked to use APA format, the book to consult is The
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th
edition). Copies of this book are on the reference shelves in the
Writing Lab (226 Heavilon Hall) and in the Psychology Library; it is
also widely available in bookstores. Included here is a brief summary
of APA style for the research paper.
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear in the reference list.
Examples:
Smith (1970) compared reaction times . . .
In a recent study of reaction times (Smith, 1970), . . .
In 1970, Smith compared reaction times . . .
To indicate short quotations (fewer than 40 words) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text, and include a complete reference in the reference list. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quotation but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.
Examples:
She stated, "The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this
manner" (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
According to Miele (1993), "the placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were
studied in this manner" (p. 276).
Miele (1993) found that "the placebo effect disappeared" in this case (p. 276), but
what will the next step in researching this issue be?
Place quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark.
Example:
Miele's 1993 study found the following:
The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this
manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again,
even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies conducted
by the same group of researchers at the hospital were clearly
premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
Your reference list should appear at the end
of your essay. It provides the information necessary for a reader to
locate and retrieve any source you cite in the essay. Each source you
cite in the essay must appear in your reference list; likewise, each
entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.
An article in a periodical (such
as a journal, newspaper, or magazine)
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of
Publication, add month and day of publication for daily, weekly,
or monthly publications). Title of article. Title of periodical,
Volume Number, pages.
N.B. You need list only the volume number if the periodical uses continuous pagination throughout a particular volume. If each issue begins with page 1, then you should list the issue number as well: Title of Periodical, Volume (Issue), pages.
A non periodical (such as a book,
report, brochure, or audiovisual media)
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of work: Capital
letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
N.B. For "Location," you should always list the city, but you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state.
Part of a non-periodical (such as
a book chapter or an article in a collection)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title
of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book
(pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
N.B. When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references.
A web page
Author, A. A. (Date of Publication or Revision). Title of
full work [online]. Available: full web address. (Date of access).
N.B. "Date of access" should indicate the date you visited the website. This is important because online information is frequently altered.
An online journal or magazine
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of Publication).
Title of article. In Title of full work [online]. Available: full
web address (Date of access).
Because e-mail is a personal communication, not easily retrieved by the general public, no entry appears in your reference list. When you cite an email message in the body of your paper, acknowledge it in your parenthetical citation: The novelist has repeated this idea recently (Salman Rushdie, email to author, May 1, 1995).
The Publication Manual of the APA
provides extensive examples covering a wide variety of potential
sources. Below are some of the most commonly cited kinds of sources.
If your particular source is not listed below, use the basic forms
(above) to determine the correct format, check the Publication
Manual, or call or email the Writing Lab for help at (765)
494-3723 or owl@cc.purdue.edu.
(Many of these examples are taken from the Publication
Manual.)
Journal article, one author
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology
journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological
Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Journal article, more than one
author
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A.,
& Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it
is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
Magazine article, one author
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Time, 135, 28-31.
Book
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to
preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
An article or chapter of a book
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender
role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and
transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across
the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.
A government publication
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical
training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No.
ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
A book with no author or editor
listed
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993).
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
A translated work and/or a republished
work
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities
(F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original
work published 1814)
A review of a book, film, television
program, etc.
Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge
myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control].
Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.
An entry in an encyclopedia
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia
britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia
Britannica.
An online journal article
Kenneth, I. (1995). A Buddhist response to the nature of
human rights. [9 pars.] Journal of Buddhist Ethics [online serial], 2.
Available: http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html. (June 15, 1998)
A web page
Daly, B. (1997). Writing argumentative essays. [online].
Available: http://www.eslplanet.com/teachertools/argueweb/frntpage.htm.
(May 12, 1998)
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5 X 11 inches) with margins of 1 inch on all sides. Your final essay should include the following pages (in this order), each of which should begin on a separate page:
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| Television and violence 1 |
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| RUNNING HEAD: Television and violence: A review |
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| Television and violence: A review of the emiprical research 1970-1995 |
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| Chris Researcher |
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| Purdue University |
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N.B. The running head notice on the first line of the page serves to notify editors of a shortened version of your title to be used at the top of each page in the final published version of the essay. This shortened title should not exceed 50 characters, including punctuation and spaces.
The pages of your manuscript should be numbered consecutively, beginning with the title page, as part of the manuscript header in the upper right corner of each page. Your references should begin on a separate page from the text of the essay under the label References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. Appendices and notes should be formatted similarly.
Keep in mind that underlining and italics are interchangeable. Choose one or the other form to use throughout your essay.
Copyright (C)1998 by Purdue University. All rights reserved.
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